RAPID  METHO 

FOR  FRENCH 


BY 


och-Alphonse  de  MassaMelfe 


UC-NRLF 


.KEW  'YORK 

:HWARTZ,  KIRWIN  &  FAUS 


GIFT  OF 

A    i*  J  7 


RAPID    METHOD 
FOR  FRENCH  VERBS 

BY 

Roch-Alphonse  de  Massabielle 


NEW  YORK 
SCHWARTZ,  KIRWIN  &  FAUSS 

42    Barclay    Street 


Copyright,  1917,  1918,  1919 
By   V.    RASKIN 


PREFACE. 

The  purpose  of  this  little  book  is  entirely  practical;  it  is  to  aid 
pupils  in  learning  the  structure  and  use  of  French  verbs.  The 
method  here  set  forth  has  been  thoroughly  tried  and  has  proved  to 
be  unusually  successful.  Its  fundamental  idea  is  to  group  together 
those  verb  forms  in  which  the  stem  is  common,  disregarding  for 
this  purpose  the  order  of  persons  and  tenses,  as  they  appear  in 
the  usual  conjugations. 

In  applying  the  method,  therefore,  the  pupil  should  not  be  asked 
to  "conjugate"  a  verb,  viz.:  je  lis,  tu  lis,  il  lit,  etc.;  but  having 
been  given  the  stem  and  taught  the  endings,  he  should  be  asked 
to  translate  a  variety  of  English  verb  forms  into  French;  care 
being  taken  in  each  question  to  change  verb,  person  and  tense. 

Questioning  in  this  way  keeps  the  pupils  alert  and  easily  holds 
their  attention. 

It  is  also  well  to  have  pupils  write  the  answers,  to  familiarize 
them  with  the  appearance  of  the  forms  as  well  as  with  their 
pronunciation. 

In  oral  recitation  (or  drill)  in  verbs,  to  avoid  monotony  and 
the  distraction  of  pupils,  teachers  must  avoid  the  naming  of  tenses. 
Never  say,  for  example,  "Give  me  the  Imperfect  of  this  verb  or 
the  Pluperfect  of  that  one. 

Demonstration  on  the  blackboard  of  pages  7,  10,  19,  20 
is  of  the  greatest  importance. 

Well  demonstrated,  the  pupils  are  able  to  recite  and  to 
write  by  themselves  the  16  tenses  most  used  in  conversa- 
tion. 

In  the  drills  give  the  Infinitive  and  the  two  tenses  derived 
from  it;  then  the  Present  Indicative  and  the  four  verb  forms 
derived  from  its  first  person  plural;  then  the  Past  Participle  and 
all  the  compound  tenses  formed  by  it.  In  conjunction  with  each 
lesson  give  some  time  to  the  auxiliary  verb  avoir,  and  although 
the  pupils  do  not  know  its  different  tenses  read  it  aloud  and 
have  the  pupils  repeat  it  after  you.  It  will  take  only  two  min- 
utes and  very  soon  the  pupils  will  be  so  familiar  with  it  that 
they  will  not  find  any  difficulty  in  using  it  in  the  compound  tenses. 

If  the  method  proves  to  be  of  any  help  to  teachers  and  to  pupils, 
I  will  be  greatly  pleased. 

THE  AUTHOR,  R.  A.  DE  MASSABIELLE 


415772 


PRONUNCIATION. 


French. 

a  has  the  sound  of 

e  has  the  sound  of 

0  has  the  sound  of 

1  has  the  sound  of 
y  has  the  sound  of 


English, 
ah 

u  in  pleasure 
o 

i  in  finish 
ee  in  bee 


u  has  no  similar  sound  in  English. 

e  has  a  short  sound,  like  a  in  A  Boy 

e  or  e  has  an  open  sound  like  ai 

ai,  ay,  ei,  ey  has  the  sound  of  ay 

in,  im,  ain,  aim,  ein,  eim,  like  an  in  angry 

an,  am  en,  em  pronounced  like  an  in   swan 

au  or  eau  pronounced  like  6 

eu  or  oeu  pronounced  like  o  in  word 

oi  whah 

ou  pronounced  like  oo  in  wood 

un  or  um  pronounced  like  un  in  lunch 

on,  om  pronounced  like  om  in  comb 

j  pronounced  like  s  in  pleasure 

ch  pronounced  like  sh 

one  s  between  two  vowels  z 

In  words  ending  in  e  the  final  e  is  not  pronounced,  but  t 
consonant  before  the  e  must  be  pronounced. 

A  final  accented  e   (e)   is  always  pronounced. 

With  the  exceptions  of  a  few  words,  final  consonants  a 
never  pronounced. 


PRESENT  INDICATIVE. 

The  Present  of  the  Indicative  may  be  expressed  in  English  in 
three  different  ways:  For  example — 

I  speak  I  am  speaking I  do  speak. 

In  French  there  is  t>Ut  one  form:   Je  parle. 

The  French  pronouns  used  with  the  verb  forms  are  as  in  English 
— three  in  the  Singular,  and  three  in  the  Plural. 

SINGULAR  PLURAL 

1st  Person  Je 1  1st  Person  Nous We 

2nd     "  Tu Thou  2nd     "  Vous You 

3rd     "       II  or  Elle He  or  She  3rd     "       Us  or  Elles They 

Tu  —  Thou,  is  used  only  in  very  familiar  conversation,  as  among 
members  of  the  same  family,  or  among  intimate  friends.  It  is  wiser 
for  pupils  in  general  to  use  Vous. 

PARLER— To  speak. 

The  final  "r"  indicates  the  Infinitive  and  stands  for  "to". 
In  all  the  verbs  ending  in  the  Infinitive  in  "er",  the  Present  of 
the  Indicative  ends  in — 

Je e  Nous ons 

Tu es  Vous ez 

II  or  Elle e  Us  or  Elles ent 

The  ending  "ent"  is  always  silent. 

The  three  persons  singular  and  the  third  person  plural  are 
pronounced  the  same. 

Present  Indicative  of  Parler: 
Je  parle  —I  am  speaking,  I  do  speak,  I  speak. 

Tu  paries  Thou  art  speaking,  thou  dost  speak,  thou  speakest. 

II  parle  — He  is  speaking,  he  does  speak,  he  speaks. 

Nous  parlons We  are  speaking,  we  do  speak,  we  speak. 

Vous  parlez        —You  are  speaking,  you  do  speak,  you  speak. 
Us  parlent  —They  are  speaking,  they  do  speak,  they  speak. 

Us  parlent  is  pronounced  like  "II  parle". 


/*.  I  1  •'*  •*.'  '*"•*!*'  Interrogative. 

•  *  '  «Tne  •itfter'rogatioii'  isr  niade   in   French  by  placing  "Est-ce-que" 
before  the  Affirmative  form  of  the  verb: 

Est-ce  que  je  parle?  Am  I  speaking,  or  do  I  speak? 

Est-ce  que  tu  paries?         — Art  thou  speaking,  or  dost  thou  speak? 

Est-ce  qu'il  parle?  — Is  he  speaking,  or  does  he  speak? 

Est  ce  que  nous  parlons? Are  we  speaking,  or  do  we  speak? 

Est-ce  que  vous  parlez?    -  — Are  you  speaking,  or  do  you  speak? 

Est-ce  qu'ils  parlent?  — Are  they  speaking,  or  do  they  speak? 

The  Interrogative  form  is  also  made  in  French  by  placing  the 
Pronoun  Subject  after  the  verb,  and  joining  them  by  a  hyphen. 
When  the  Third  Person  ends  with  a  vowel,  a  "t"  between  hyphens 
(-t-)  is  inserted  between  the  verb  and  II  or  Elle. 

If  the  First  Person  Singular  ends  with  an  "e"  mute,  an  acute 
accent  (')  is  put  over  the  "e"  for  the  sake  of  euphony. 

Parle-je?  — Am  I  speaking,  or  do  I  speak? 

Paries- tu?  — Art  thou  speaking,  or  dost  thou  speak? 

Parle-t-il?  — Is  he  speaking,  or  does  he  speak? 

Parle-t-elle?          —Is  she  speaking,  or  does  she  speak? 

Parlons-nous? Are  we  speaking,  or  do  we  speak? 

Parlez-vous?         — Are  you  speaking,  or  do  you  speak? 
Parlent-ils?  — Are  they  speaking,  or  do  they  speak? 

Negatives. 

The  Negative  is  expressed  in  French  by  two  words:  Ne — pas. 
Ne  is  placed  before  the  verb,  and  pas  after  the  verb. 

Je  ne  parle  pas  — I  am  not  speaking,  I  do  not  speak. 

Tu  ne  paries  pas  —Thou  art  not  speaking,  thou  dost  not  speak. 

II  ne  parle  pas  — He  is  not  speaking,  he  does  not  speak. 

Nous  ne  parlons  pas We  are  not  speaking,  we  do  not  speak. 

Vous  ne  parlez  pas You  are  not  speaking,  you  do  not  speak 

Us  ne  parlent  pas    -    —They  are  not  speaking,  they  do  not  speak. 

If  the   Verb  begins  by  a  vowel   or   a  silent  "h",   the   Ne   drops 
the  "e"  and  takes  (')  for  the  sake  of  euphony.     For  example: 
Je  n'aime  pas  — I  do  not  like,  I  do  not  love. 

II  n'aime  pas  —He  does  not  like,  he  does  not  love. 

Nous  n'aimons  pas We  do  not  like,  we  do  not  love. 

Vous  n'aimez  pas        — You  do  not  like,  you  do  not  love. 
Us  n'aiment  pas  —They  do  not  like,  they  do  not  love. 

Write  the  above  verb  in  the  three  forms  in  French  and  in 
English. 


FORMATION  OF  TENSES. 

Very  important  page  to  demonstrate  on  the  blackboard. 

The  First  Person   Plural  of  the   Present   Indicative  is  very  im- 
portant, because  several  verb  forms  are  derived  from  it. 

I.  The  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE  is   formed  by  dropping  the 
ending  "ons,"  and  replacing  it  by  "ant".     For  example: 

Nous  parlons We  speak.        Parlant Speaking. 

A  verb  ending  in  "ing"  is  in  the  Present  Participle  when  in,  or  by, 
or  while,  or  when,  etc.,  can  be  placed  before  that  verb. 

II.  The  Present   Indicative  forms  also  the  IMPERATIVE  by 
leaving  out  the  pronouns  Je,  Nous,  Vous.     For  example: 

Present  Ind. :  Je  parle  Imperative:  Parle     Speak  (thou) 

Nous  parlons  Parlons Let  us  speak 

Vous  parlez  Parlez   Speak  (you) 

III.  The   First   Person   Plural   of  the   Present    Indicative   also 
forms  the  IMPERFECT  Tense,  which  is  used  when 

Used  to ,  or  was ,  or  were 

are  before  the  English  verb. 

By  replacing  the  "ons"  by  the  following  endings: 

Je  ais  Nous ions 

Tu ais  Vous iez 

II    ait  Us      aient 

The  Third  Person  Plural  of  the  Imperfect  is  always  pronounced 
like  the  three  Persons  Singular. 

Je  parlais     Was  speaking.       Nous  parlions Were  speaking. 

Tu  parlais    Wast  speaking.      Vous  parliez     Were  speaking. 

II  parlait      Was  speaking.       Us  parlaient      Were  speaking. 

IV.  The    First    Person    Plural    of  the    Present    Indicative    also 
forms  the  Present  of  Subjunctive,  which  is  the  equivalent  of  "If 

I  may etc.,  preceding  an  English  verb,  by  replacing  the  "ons" 

by  the  following  endings: 

Je  e  Nous  ions 

Tu  es  Vous  iez 

H  e  Us  ent 


8 

Que  je  parle  —That  I  speak. 

Que  tu  paries  —That  thou  speak. 

Qu'il  parle  — That  he  speak. 

Que  nous  parlions That  we  speak. 

Que  vous  parliez         —That  you  speak. 
Qu'ils    parlent  —That  they  speak. 

French  Subjunctive  is  always  preceded  by  que. 

The  three  persons  singular  and  the  third  person  plural  of  the 
Present  of  Subjunctive  are  pronounced  the  same. 

VERBS  ENDING  IN  "ER". 

Verbs  ending  in  the  Infinitive  in  er  drop  the  final  r  to  form 
the  first  person  singular  of  the  Present  Indicative  and  of  the 
Present  of  Subjunctive;  and  pupils  will  observe  here  that  having 
the  first  person  singular  they  also  have  the  second  and  the 
third  person  singular  and  the  third  person  plural  of  both  tenses. 
Although  each  person  has  a  different  ending,  all  are  pronounced 
exactly  the  same. 

The  following  list  of  verbs  has  been  divided  in  groups  of 
twelve.  To  secure  the  best  results,  it  is  necessary  for  pupils 
to  read  the  verbs  aloud,  changing  the  persons  and  the  tenses. 

After  each  lesson  write  the  verbs  marked  with  a  star  (*)  in  the 
following  tenses: 

1.  Infinitive. 

2.  Present  Indicative. 

3.  Imperfect. 

4.  Present  Participle. 

5.  Present  Subjective. 

6.  Imperative. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir,  page  12. 

Accuser  To  accuse.  Chanter  To  sing. 

*Travailler         —To  work.  *Marcher  -To  walk. 

Aider  —To  help.  Dejeuner  — To  breakfast. 

Admirer  To  admire.  *Danser  — To  dance. 

Donner  —To  give.  Montrer  —To  show. 

Entrer  — To  go  in,  Monter  — To  go  up. 


Read  aloud,  in  all  its  tenses,  the  verb  Avoir. 
Presenter- To  introduce  (people).      Fumer      To  smoke. 


*Fermer  • To  close. 

Oter To  take  off. 

Sauter To  jump. 

Pleurer  • To  cry  or  weep. 

Ecouter To  listen. 


Observer - 
*Oser 


-To  observe. 
-To  dare. 


*Quitter    To  leave. 

Tousser  To  cough. 

Decider    To  decide. 


Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 


Accepter 
Refuser 
*Demander 
ficonomiser 
Trouver 
Depenser 


*Tomber 
Attraper 
Assister 
Blesser 
Tuer 
Fatiguer 


Regarder 
*Prier 
Empecher 
Preter 
Pardonner 
Frapper 


*Jouer 
Embrasser 
Ramasser 

*Laisser 
Casser 
Pechirer 


-To  accept. 
-To  refuse. 
-To  ask 
-To  save. 
-To  find. 
-To  spend. 


*Passer 

Commander - 

Accorder 
*Porter 

Supposer 

Desirer 


Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 


-To  fall. 
-To  catch. 
-To  assist. 
-To  wound. 
-To  kill. 
-To  tire. 


Gronder 
Assurer 
Garder 

*Bavarder 
Repeter 

*Causer 


-To  pass. 
-To  order. 
—To  grant. 
—To  carry. 
—To  suppose. 
—To  wish. 


-To  scold. 
—To  assure. 
-To  keep. 
—To  gossip. 
—To  repeat. 
-To  talk. 


Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 


-To  look  at. 
-To  pray. 
-To  prevent. 
-To  lend. 
-To  forgive. 
-To  strike. 


Cesser 
*Detester 

Reculer 
*Chercher 

Gagner    . 

Laver 


Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 


-To  play. 
-To  embrace. 
-To  pick  up. 
-To  let. 
-To  break. 
-To  tear. 


*Demeurer 
Habiter 
Rencontrer 
Regretter 
Crier 
Raconter 


-To  stop. 
-To  hate. 
-To  step  back. 
-To  look  for. 
-To  win. 
-To  wash. 


—To  live. 
-To  inhabit. 
—To  meet. 
—To  regret. 
— To  cry  out 
—To  relate, 


10 


FUTURE   AND    CONDITIONAL. 

Very  important  page  to  demonstrate  on  the  blackboard. 

French  Infinitives  end  in  r  or  re.  French  Infinitives  form 
the  Future  and  the  Conditional  by  dropping  the  final  r  or  re 
and  replacing  it  by  the  following  endings: 

Endings  of  the  future:  Endings  of  the  conditional: 

Je— rai  Nous— rons  Je — rais  Nous— rions 

Tu — ras  Vous— rez  Tu — rais  Vous — riez 

II — ra  Us — ront  II — rait  Us — raient 


Je  laverai 
Tu  laveras 
II  lavera 
Nous  laverons 
Vous  laverez 
Us  laveront 


Je  laverais 
Tu  laverais 
II  laverait 
Nous  laverions 
Vous  laveriez 
Us  laveraient 


The  Future  is  equivalent  to  "shall  or  will.'* 
The  Conditional  is  equivalent  to  "should  or  would." 
In    the    Conditional,    the   three    persons    singular   and    the   third 
person  plural  are  pronounced  the  same. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 
Remercier 
Expliquer 
Soigner 
*Voler 
Occuper 
^eraser 

Write  in  French  and  in  English  the  verbs  marked  with  a  star  (*) 
in  all  the  above  tenses.    Add  the  Future  and  the  Conditional. 
See  page  45  for  the  following  verbs: 


-To  thank. 

Arracher 

—To  pull. 

-To  explain. 

Approcher 

—  To  approach. 

-To  care. 

*Etudier 

—  To  study. 

-To  fly. 

Habiller 

—  To  dress. 

-To  occupy. 

*Dmer 

To  dine. 

-To  crush. 

Arriver 

To  arrive. 

Changer 

Manger 

Voyager 

Nettoyer 

Ennuyer 

Preferer 


-  To  change. 

-  To  eat. 

—  To  travel. 

-  To  clean. 

-  To  bother. 

—  To  prefer. 


Jeter 

Acheter 

Appeler 


To  throw. 

To  buy. 

To  call. 

To  lead. 

To  advance. 


Avancer 

Commencer   To  begin. 

Write  most  of  the  above  verbs.    Add  Future  and  Conditional, 


11 

OUVRIR— To  open. 

Present  Indicative. 

J'ouvre 1  am  opening,  I  do  open,  I  open. 

Tu  ouvres  —Thou  art  opening,  thou  dost  open,  thou  openest. 

II  ouvre He  is  opening,  he  does  open,  he  opens. 

Nous  ouvrons We  are  opening,  we  do  open,  we  open. 

Vous  ouvrez         —You  are  opening,  you  do  open,  you  open. 

Us  ouvrent        They  are  opening,  they  do  open,  they  open. 

Present  Participle:    Ouvrant Opening. 

Imp.:  Ouvre Open.   Ouvrons Let  us  open.   Ouvrez Open. 

Imperfect. 

J'ouvrais  1  was  opening,  I  used  to  open. 

Tu  ouvrais  Thou  wast  opening,  thou  used  to  open. 

II  ouvrait  He  was  opening,  he  used  to  open. 

Nous  ouvrions    We  were  opening,  we  used  to  open. 

Vous  ouvriez       You  were  opening,  you  used  to  open. 

Us  ouvraient       They  were  opening,  they  used  to  open. 

Present  Subjunctive. 

Que  j'ouvre  That  I  open. 

Que  tu  ouvres  That  thou  open. 

Qu'il  ouvre  That  he  open. 

Que  nous  ouvrions  That  we  open. 

§ue  vous  ouvriez  That  you  open. 

u'il  ouvrent  That  they  open. 

Future. 

J'ouvrirai  1  shall  or  will  open. 

Tu  ouvriras  Thou  wilst  open. 

II  ouvrira  He  will  open. 

Nous  ouvrirons  We  will  open. 

Vous  ouvrirez  You  will  open. 

Us  ouvriront  They  will  open. 

Conditional. 

J'ouvrirais  1  should  or  would  open. 

Tu  ouvrirais  Thou  wouldst  open. 

II  ouvrirait  He  would  open. 

Nous  ouvririons  We  would  open. 

Vous  ouvririez  You  would  open. 

Us  ouvriraient  Th^y  would  open. 

Conjugate  like  Ouvrir. 

Couvrir To  cover.  Decouvrir To  discover. 

Offrir        —To  offer.  Souffrir      To  suffer,  to  stand. 

Write  in  French  and  in  English  the  above  verbs  in  the  following 
tenses:  Infinitive,  Future  and  Conditional,  Present  Indicative,  Im- 
perfect, Imperative,  Present  Participle,  Present  of  Subjunctive. 


12 

AVOIR— To  have. 
The  Je  drops  the  V  and  takes  (')  before  a  vowel. 

Present  Indicative. 

J'ai  — I  have,  I  am  having. 

Tu  as  — Thou  hast,  thou  art  having. 

II  a  — He  has,  he  is  having. 

Nous  avons  — We  have,  we  are  having. 

Vous  avez  — You  have,  you  are  having. 

Us  ont  — They  have,  they  are  having. 

Ai-je  Have  I,  or  am  I  having. 

As-tu  — Hast  thou,  or  art  thou  having. 

A-t-il  Has  he,  or  is  he  having. 

A-t-elle  Has  she,  or  is  she  having. 

Avons-nous  Have  we,  or  are  we  having. 

Avez-vous  Have  you,  or  are  you  having. 

Ont-ils  Have  they,  or  are  they  having. 

Je  n'ai  pas  — I  have  not,  I  am  not  having. 

Tu  n'as  pas  —Thou  hast  not,  thou  art  not  having. 

II  n'a  pas  — He  has  not,  he  is  not  having. 

Nous  n'avons  pas We  have  not,  we  are  not  having. 

Vous  n'avez  pas         —You  have  not,  you  are  not  having. 
Us  n'ont  pas  — They  have  not,  they  are  not  having. 

N'ai-je  pas  — Have  I  not? 

N'as-tu  pas  — Hast  thou  not? 

N'a-t-il  pas  Has  he  not? 

N'avons-nous  pas Have  we  not? 

N'avez-vous  pas        — Have  you  not? 
N'ont-ils  pas  — Have  they  not? 

Imperfect. 

J'avais  1  had,  I  was  having,  I  used  to  have. 

Tu  avals Thou  hadst,  thou  wast  having,  thou  used  to  have. 

II  avait          He  had,  he  was  having,  he  used  to  have. 

Nous  avions We  had,  we  were  having,  we  used  to  have. 

Vous  aviez    You  had,  you  were  having,  you  used  to  have. 

Us  avaient    They  had,  they  were  having,  they  used  to  have. 

Note. — This  Imperfect  tense  J'avais,  etc.,  is  in  English  "I  had" 
when  "I  had"  can  be  replaced  by  "I  was  having". 


13 


Present  Participle:   Ayant Having  (irregular). 

Imperative:   Aie — Have.    Ayons — Let  us  have.    Ayez — Have. 

Present  Subjunctive  (irregular). 
Que  j'aie  —That  I  have. 

Que  tu  aies          That  thou  have. 

Qu'il  ait  That  he  have. 

Que  nous  ayons That  we  have. 

Que  vous  ayez  -   —That  you  have. 
Qu'ils  aient  — That  they  have. 


J'aurai 
Tu  auras 
II  aura 
Nous  aurons 
Vous  aurez 
Us  auront 


J'aurais 
Tu  aurais 
II  aurait 
Nous   aurions 
Vous  auriez 
Us  auraient 


Future  (irregular). 

-I  shall  or  will  have. 
-Thou  will  or  shall  have. 
-He  will  or  shall  have. 
—We  will  or  shall  have. 
-You  will  or  shall  have. 
-They  will  or  shall  have. 


Conditional  (irregular). 

1  should  or  would  have. 

—Thou  wouldst  or  shouldst  have0 
He  would  or  should  have. 

— We  would  or  should  have. 
You  would  or  should  have. 

—They  would  or  should  have. 


14 

ENVOYER— To  send. 
Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 

Present  Indicative. 

J'envoie  — I  am  sending,  I  do  send,  I  send. 

Tu  envoies         — Thou  art  sending,  thou  dost  send,  thou  sendest. 
II  envoie  — He  is  sending,  he  does  send,  he  sends. 

Nous  envoy ons — We  are  sending,  we  do  send,  we  send. 
Vous  envoyez  — You  are  sending,  you  do  send,  you  send. 
Us  envoient         —They  are  sending,  they  do  send,  they  send. 

Present  Participle:    Envoyant Sending. 

Imp.:  Envoie — Send.   Envoyons — Let  us  send.   Envoyez — Send. 
Present  Subjunctive:    Que  j'envoie That  I  send. 

Imperfect. 

J'envoyais 1  was  sending,  I  used  to  send. 

Tu  envoyais        Thou  wast  sending,  thou  used  to  send. 

II  envoyait  He  was  sending,  he  used  to  send. 

Nous  envoyions We  were  sending,  we  used  to  send. 

Vous  envoyiez    -    —You  were  sending,  you  used  to  send. 
Us  envoyaient          —They  were  sending,  they  used  to  send. 

Renvoyer — To  send  away — conjugate  like  Envoyer. 
The  above  two  verbs  change  the  "y"  into  "i"  before  an  "e"  mute. 

In  most  of  the  verbs  which  are  given  hereafter,  the  three  persons 
singular  of  the  Present  Indicative  are  always  pronounced  the  same.  The 
endings  are  a  little  different. 

The  verb  ends  in  "s"  after  Je  and  after  Tu,  but  nearly  always 
ends  in  "t"  after  II  or  Elle;  for  example:  Je  Us,  Tu  lis,  II  lit. 

The  stem  of  a  verb  in  the  first  and  in  the  second  person 
plural  is  the  same;  but  after  Nous  the  ending  is  "ons",  and 
after  Vous  the  ending  is  "ez". 

When  the  first  person  singular  of  the  Present  Subjunctive  is  given,  the 
pupils  have  the  second  and  third  persons  singular  and  also  the  third 
person  plural.  The  stem  of  the  verb  in  those  four  persons  is  spelled 
exactly  the  same,  and,  although  the  endings  are  different,  the  verb  is  pro- 
nounced the  same.  With  the  exception  of  very  few  verbs,  the  first  and  the 
second  persons  plural  of  the  subjunctive  are  always  regular. 

The  regular  Future  and  Conditional  tenses  will  not  be  written.  For 
references,  turn  to  page  48. 


15 

LIRE— To  read. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  lis  1  am  reading,  I  do  read,  I  read. 

Nous  lisons    We  are  reading,  we  do  read,  we  read. 

Us  lisent         They  are  reading,  they  do  read,  they  read. 

Present  Participle:   Lisant Reading. 

Imperative:  Lis — Read.    Lisons — Let  us  read.    Lisez — Read. 

Imperfect:  Je  lisais 1  was  reading,  I  used  to  read. 

Present  of  Subjunctive:   Que  je  Use That  I  read. 

SORTIR— To  go  out. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  sors  1  am  going  out,  I  do  go  out,  I  go  out. 

Nous  sortons We  are  going  out,  we  do  go  out,  we  go  out. 

Us  sortent           —They  are  going  out,  they  do  go  out,  they  go  out, 

Present  Participle:    Sortant Going  out. 

Imp.:  Sors — Go  out.   Sortons — Let  us  go  out.   Sortez — Go  out. 

Imperfect:  Je  sortais 1  was  going  out,  I  used  to  go  out. 

Present  of  Subjunctive. 
Que  je  sorte               —That  I  go  out. 
Que  nous  sortions That  we  go  out. 

PARTIR— To  start,  or  to  depart. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  pars  1  am  starting,  I  do  start,  I  start. 

Nous  partons  -  — We  are  starting,  we  do  start,  we  start. 
Us  partent  —They  are  starting,  they  do  start,  they  start. 

Imperative:  Pars— Start.  Partons— Let  us  start.  Partez— Start. 

Present  Participle:   Partant Starting. 

Imperfect — Je  partais 1  was  starting,  I  used  to  start. 


16 

Present  Subjunctive. 
Que  je  parte                 —That  I  start. 
Que  nous  partions That  we  start. 

DORMIR— To  sleep. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  dors  — I  am  sleeping,  I  do  sleep,  I  sleep. 

Nous  dormons    -    — We  are  sleeping,  we  do  sleep,  we  sleep. 

Us  dorment  —They  are  sleeping,  they  do  sleep,  they  sleep. 

Imperative:  Dorc — Sleep.  Dormons — Let  us  sleep.  Dormez — Sleep. 

Present  Participle:    Dormant Sleeping. 

Imperfect:    Je  dormais 1  used  to  sleep,  I  was  sleeping. 

Present  of  Subjunctive. 
Que  je  dorme  —That  I  sleep. 

Que  nous  dormions   -    —That  we  sleep. 

Conjugate  like  dormir. 
Endormir  — Put  to  sleep. 

Redormir  — Sleep  again. 

SERVIR — To  serve,  or  to  wait  upon. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  sers  1  am  serving,  I  do  serve,  I  serve. 

Nous  servons      We  are  serving,  we  do  serve,  we  serve. 

Us  servent  — They  are  serving,  they  do  serve,  they  serve. 

Imperative:    Sers — Serve.    Servons — Let  us  serve.    Servez — Serve. 

Imperfect:   Je  servais 1  was  serving,  I  used  to  serve. 

Present  Participle:   Servant Serving. 

Present  Subjunctive:   Que  je  serve That  I  serve. 

Conjugate  like  Servir. 
Desservir To  clear  the   table. 


17 

MENTIR— To  lie. 
Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  mens  —I  am  lying,  I  do  lie,  I  lie. 

Nous  mentons         — We  are  lying,  we  do  lie,  we  lie. 
Us  mentent  —They  are  lying,  they  do  lie,  they  lie. 

Present   Participle:    Mentant Lying. 

Imperative:   Mens — Lie.   Mentons — Let  us  lie.   Mentez — Lie  (you). 

Imperfect:    Je  mentais 1  was  lying,  I  used  to  lie. 

Present  Subjunctive:    Que  je  mente That  I  lie. 

Conjugate  like  Mentir. 
Dementir To  contradict. 

SENTIR— To  feel,  or  to  smell. 
Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  sens  — I  am  feeling,  I  do  feel,  I  feel. 

Nous  sentons          — We  are  feeling,  we  do  feel,  we  feel 
Us  sentent  —They  are  feeling,  they  do  feel,  they  fee1 

Present  Participle:   Sentant Feeling. 

Imperative:  Sens — Feel.  Sentons — Let  us  feel.  Sentez — Feel  (you). 

Imperfect:   Je  sentais 1  was  feeling,  I  used  to  feel. 

Present  Subjunctive:   Que  je  sente That  I  feel. 

FINIR— To  finish. 
Read  aloud  the  verb  Avoir. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  finis  — I  am  finishing,  I  do  finish,  I  finish. 

Nous  finissons         — We  are  finishing,  we  do  finish,  we  finish. 
Us  finissent  —They  are  finishing,  they  do  finish,  they  finish 

Imp.:    Finis — Finish.    Finissons — Let  us   finish.    Finissez — Finish. 
Present  Participle:   Finissant Finishing. 


18 


Imperfect:   Je  finissais 1  was  finishing,  I  used  to  finish. 

Present  Subjunctive:   Que  je  finisse That  I  finish. 

Conjugate  like  Finir. 


— To  languish. 
— To  embellish. 

—To  grow  older. 
— To  trim. 
— To  cherish. 
— To  reflect. 
Raccourcir — To  shorten. 


Unir         — To  unite.  Languir 

Saisir         —To  seize.  Embellir 

Rougir      -To  blush.  Vieillir 

*Punir         —To  punish.  *Garnir 

Guerir       —To  cure.  *Cherir 

Fournir   — To  furnish.  Reflechir 

Batir         —To  build. 
Abolir       —To  abolish.  filargir         —To  widen. 

Agir  —To  act,  ficlaircir      —To  brighten. 

Choisir    — To  choose,  *Obeir          — To  obey. 

*Salir          —To  soil.  Desobeir    — To  disobey. 

Reussir    -—To  succeed.  Fleurir       — To  bloom. 

Perir          —To  perish.  Murir         — To  ripen. 

Hair          —To  hate.  *Nourrir      — To  feed. 

Affaiblir  — To  get  weaker.          Avertir       — To  advertise. 
Etablir    — To  establish.  Grossir       — To  grow  big. 

*Blanchir — To  \vhit-n.  Garantir     — To  guarantee. 

Jouir  d* — To  enjoy. 

Hair — to  hate — loses  the  trema  (")  or.  je  hais,  tu  hais,  il  hait. 
Conjugate  orally  the  above  verbs  in  all  the  tenses  studied  so  far. 
Write  in  French  and  in  English  the  verbs  marked  with  a  (*). 

In  oral  drills  on  the  verbs,  teachers  ought  to  omit  the  names  of 
the  tenses,  but  give  the  pupils  the  English  and  have  them  say  the 
equivalent  in  French  and  vice  versa. 

AUXILIARIES. 

There  are  in  French  two  Auxiliaries — Avoir,  to  have,  and  Etre, 
to  be.  They  are  used  in  the  formation  of  compound  tenses.  A 
compound  tense  is  composed  of  two  verbs,  an  Auxiliary  and  a 
Past  Participle.  For  example:  J'ai  lu — I  have  read;  II  a  fmi — He 
has  finished;  etc. 

The  Past  Participles  of  all  verbs  ending  in  the  Infinitive  er 
without  a  single  exception,  are  formed  by  dropping  the  final  r 
and  by  placing  an  accent  aigu  on  the  e  (e).  For  example: 
Penser— To  think;  Pense— Thought;  Acheter— To  buy;  Achete— 
Bought;  Quitter — To  leave;  Quitte— Left. 

In  most  of  the  verbs  ending  in  ir  the  Past  Participles  are  formed 
by  dropping  the  final  r.  For  example: 

Agir — To  act;  Agi — Acted;  Finir — To  finish;  Fini — Finished. 


19 

FORMATION  OF  COMPOUND  TENSES. 
Very  important  page  to  demonstrate  on  the  blackboard. 

1.    The  PERFECT  INFINITIVE  is  formed  by  placing  the  Past 
Participle  after  the  Infinitive  Avoir. 

Avoir  eu To  have  had. 


2.    The   PERFECT  PARTICIPLE   is   formed  by  placing  the 
Past  Participle  after  the  Present  Participle  Ayant. 

Ayant  vu Having  seen. 


3.  The  PLUPERFECT  is  formed  by  placing  the  Past  Participle 
after  the  Imperfect  J'avais;  it  has  only  one  form  in  both  French 
and  English. 

J'avais  eu 1  had  had.  II  avait  eu He  had  had. 

4.  The   PERFECT  FUTURE  is  formed  by   placing  the   Past 
Participles  after  the  future  J'aurai. 

J'aurai  eu — I  shall  have  had.  Tu  auras  eu — Thou  shalt  have  had. 

5.  The  PAST  CONDITIONAL  is  formed  by  placing  the  Past 
Participle  after  the  Conditional  J'aurais. 

J'aurais  eu  1  should  have  had. 

6.  The  PERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE  is  formed  by  placing  the 
Past  Participle  after  the  Subjunctive  Que  j'aie. 

Que  j'aie  eu— That  I  have  had.   Qu'il  ait  eu— That  he  have  had. 

7.  The  PAST  INDEFINITE:    The  Past  Tense,  which  is  the 
most  used  in  conversation,  is  formed  by  placing  the  Past  Participle 
after  the  Present  of  Indicative  J'ai. 

For  example:     I  have  taken — J'ai  pris. 


2C 


But  the  Past  Indefinite  is  expressed  in  English  in  three  dif- 
ferent ways:  J'ai  pris  is  not  only  the  equivalent  of  "I  have 
taken",  but  of  "I  did  take",  "I  took".  II  a  ecrit  does  not  mean 
only  "He  has  written",  but  also  "He  did  write",  "He  wrote". 

Did,  before  a  verb,  is   nearly  always   equivalent  to   "have". 


Je  n'ai  pas 

Tu  n'as  pas 

II  n'a  pas 

Nous  n'avons  pas 

Vous  n'avez  pas 

Us  n'ont  pas 


-I  did  not. 
-Thou  didst  not. 
-He  did  not. 
-We  did  not. 
-You  did  not. 
-They  did  not. 


Followed  bv   i 
Past  Participle. 


Ai-je 

A-t-il 

A-t-elle 

Avons-nous 

Avez-vous 

Ont-ils 


-Did  I? 
-Did  he? 
-Did  she? 
-Did  we? 
-Did  you? 
-Did  they? 


Qu'ai-je 
Qu'a-t-il 
Qu'a-t-elle 
Qu'avons-nous  - 
Qu'avez-vous    - 
Qu'ont-ils 


-What  did  I? 
-What  did  he? 
-What  did  she? 
-What  did  we? 
-What  did  you? 
-What  did  they? 


Do    expresses   a   Present   Tense;    Did    expresses   a    Past   Tense, 
Do  not  confuse  them. 


J'ai  lu  — I  read,  I  did  read,  I  have  read. 

Tu  as  lu  — Thou  readest,  thou  didst  read,  thou  hast  read. 

II  a  lu  — He  read,  he  did  read,  he  has  read. 

Nous  avons  lu We  read,  we  did  read,  we  have  read. 

Vous  avez  lu    -    —You  read,  you  did  read,  you  have  read. 
Us  ont   lu         • They  read,  they  did  read,  they  have  read. 


21 

FUIR—To  flee,  or  to  run  away. 

Fui Flown. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  fuis  — I  am  fleeing,  I  do  flee,  I  flee. 

Nous  fuyons  —We  are  fleeing,  we  do  flee,  we  flee. 

Us  fuient  —They  are  fleeing,  they  do  flee,  they  flee. 

Imperative:   Fuis — Flee.   Fuyons — Let  us  flee.   Fuyez — Flee  (you). 

Present  Participle:    Fuyant Fleeing. 

Imperfect. 

Je  fuyais  — I  was  fleeing,  I  used  to  flee. 

Nous  fuyions  — We  were  fleeing,  we  used  to  flee. 

Present  Subjunctive. 

Que  je  fuie  — That  I  flee. 

Que  nous  fuyions   -    —That  we  flee. 
Add  the  compound  tenses   (see  page  19). 


COUDRE—To  Sew. 

Cousu Sewed. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  Etre. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  couds  — I  am  sewing,  I  do  sew,  I  sew. 

II  coud  — He  is  sewing,  he  does  sew,  he  sews. 

Nous  cousons  — We  are  sewing,  we  do  sew»  we  sew. 

Us  cousent  —They  are  sewing,  they  do  sew,  they  sew. 

Imp.:    Couds — Sew.    Cousons — Let  us   sew.    Cousez — Sew   (you). 

Present  Participle:    Cousant Sewing. 

Imperfect:   Je  cousais 1  was  sewing,  I  used  to  sew. 

Present  Subjunctive:    Que  je  couse That  I  sew. 


22 

ECRIRE— To  write. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  £tre,  page  26. 

Ecrit Written. 

Present  Indicative. 

J'ecris  — I  am  writing,  I  do  write,  I  write. 

Nous  ecrivons    -   — We  are  writing,  we  do  write,  we  write. 

Us  ecrivent         They  are  writing,  they  do  write,  they  write. 

Present  Participle:   Ecrivant Writing. 

Imp.:  Ecris — Write.  Ecrivons — Let  us  write.  Ecrivez — Write  (you). 

Imperfect:    J'ecrivais 1  was  writing,  I  used  to  write. 

Subjunctive:  '  Que  j'ecrive That  I  write. 

Conjugate  like  Ecrire. 

Decrire      To  describe.  Souscrire       To  subscribe. 

Prescrire  To  prescribe.  Transcrire    To  transcribe. 

Inscrire To  inscribe. 

Write  the  verb  Ecrire  in  the  sixteen  different  forms  studied. 


Je  dis 

Nous  disons 
Vous  dites 
Us  disent 


DIRE — To  tell,  or  to  say. 

Dit Said  or  told. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  Etre. 

Present  Indicative. 

1  am  saying,  I  do  say,  I  say. 

— We  are  saying,  we  do  say,  we  say. 

You  are  saying,  you  do  say,  you  say. 

They  are  saying,  they  do  say,  they  say. 


Imperative. 
Dis— Say  or  tell.    Disons — Let  us  say  or  tell.  Dites— Say  or  tell. 

Present  Participle:    Disant Saying  or  telling. 

Imperfect:    Je  disais 1  was  saying,  I  used  to  say. 

Subjunctive:   Que  je  disc That  I  say  or  tell 

Conjugate  like  Dire. 
Redire To  say  again. 


23 

The  following  verbs  are  conjugated  like  Dire,  except  the  Second 
Person  Plural  of  the  Present  of  the  Indicative  and  of  the  Im- 
perative, which  end  in  "ez": 

Contredire         —To  contradict        Predire          To  predict. 

Dedire  — To  disown.  Interdire        To  forbid. 

Medire To  slander. 


RIRE— To  laugh. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  £tre. 

Present  Indicative. 
Je  ris  — I  am  laughing,  I  do  laugh,  I  laugk. 

Nous  rions     We  are  laughing,  we  do  laugh,  we  laugh. 

Us  rient  — They  are  laughing,  they  do  laugh,  they  laugh. 

Imperative:  Ris — Laugh.  Rions — Let  us  laugh.  Riez — Laugh. 

Present  Participle:    Riant Laughing. 

Imperfect:   Je  riais 1  was  laughing,  I  used  to  laugh. 

Present  Subjunctive:    Que  je  rie That  I  laugh. 

Past  Participle:    Ri Laughed. 

Conjugate  like  Rire.     Sourire To  smile. 

Write  the  verb  in  the  sixteen  forms  studied  so  far. 

VENDRE To  sell. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  £tre. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  vends  —I  am  selling,  I  do  sell,  I  sell. 

Nous  vendons         —We  are  selling,  we  do  sell,  we  sell. 
Us  vendent  —They  are  selling,  they  do  sell,  they  sell. 

II  vend  — He  is  selling,  he  does  sell,  he  sells. 

Imperative:  Vends— Sell.  Vendons— Let  us  sell.  Vendez— Sell  (you). 

Present  Participle:    Vendant Selling. 

Imperfect:   Je  vendais 1  was  selling,  I  used  to  sell. 

Present  Subjunctive:    Que  je  vende That  I  sell, 


24 


Entendre 

Attendre 

Repondre 

Correspondre- 

Defendre 

Descendre 

Fendre 

Perdre 


Vendu Sold. 

Conjugate  like  Vendre. 
-To  hear.  Repandre 

-To  wait  for.  Tordre 

-To  answer.  Rendre 

-To  correspond.       Pendre 
-To  defend.  Dependre 

-To  go  down.  Etendre 

-To  split.  Revendre 

-To  lose. 


— To  spill. 
• — To  twist  • 
— To  render. 
— To  hang. 

—To  depend. 
—To  stretch. 

— To  sell  again. 


VIVRE— To  live. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  £tre   (page  26). 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  vis  — I  am  living,  I  do  live,  I  live. 

Nous  vivons  — We  are  living,  we  do  live,  we  live. 

Us  vivent  —They  are  living,  they  do  live,  they  live. 

Imperfect:   Je  vivais 1  was  living,  I  used  to  live. 

Present  Participle:    Vivant Living. 

Imperative:  Vis — Live.   Vivons — Let  us  live.    Vivez — Live. 

Present  Subjunctive:   Que  je  vive That  I  live. 

Past  Participle:    Vecu Lived. 

Conjugate  like   Vivre. 
Revivre  —To  revive. 

Survivre  —To  survive. 

Write  the  above  verb  in  the  16  forms  studied  so  far. 


SUIVRE— To  follow. 
Read  aloud  the  verb  £tre. 

Present  Indicative. 
Je  suis  — I  am  following,  I  do  follow,  I  follow. 

Nous  suivons We  are  following,  we  do  follow,  we  follow. 

Us  suivent  —They  are  following,  they  do  follow,  they  follow. 


25 

Imp.:    Suis — Follow.    Suivons — Let  us  follow.    Suivez — Follow. 

Present  Participle:    Suivant Following. 

Imperfect — Je  suivais 1  was  following,  I  used  to  follow. 

Present  Subjunctive:    Que  je  suive That  I  follow. 

Suivi Followed. 

Poursuivre — To  pursue,  or  to  prosecute — is  conjugated  like  Suivre. 

BATTRE— To  beat. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  bats  -I  am  beating,  I  do  beat,  I  beat. 

Nous  battons      We  are  beating,  we  do  beat,  we  beat. 

Us  battent  —They  are  beating,  they  do  beat,  they  beat. 

Past  Participle:    Battu Beaten. 

Write  this  verb  in  the  16  forms  studied  so  far.     For  formation 
of  the  Future  and  of  the  Conditional  see  page  10. 
For  the  Compound  Tenses  see  pages  19-20. 

For   the    other    Tenses    formed    by    the    Present    Indicative    see 
page    7. 

Conjugate  like  Battre. 

Abattre  — To  pull  down.         Combattre  To  fight. 

Debattre       To  discuss.  Rebattre      To  beat  again. 

PLAIRE— To  please. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  fitre. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  plais  1  am  pleasing,  I  do  please,  I  please. 

Nous  plaisons  We  are  pleasing,  we  do  please,  we  please. 

Us  plaisent        They  are  pleasing,  they  do  please,  they  please. 

Past  Participle:    Plu Pleased. 

Write  the  whole  verb. 

Conjugate  like  Plaire. 
Deplaire  —To  displease. 

Complaire  — To  humor. 


26 

£TRE— To  be. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  suis  — I  am.  Suis-je  Am  I? 

Tu  es  —  Th(*u  art.         Es-tu  —Art  thou? 

II  est  — He  is.  Est-il  Is  he? 

Nous  sommes         — We  are.  Sommes-nous      Are  we? 

Vous  etes  — You  are.          Etes-vous  — Are  you? 

Us  sont  —They  are.         Sont-ils  Are  they? 

Je  ne  suis  pas  1  am  not. 

Tu  n'es  pas  —Thou  art  not. 

II  n'est  pas  — He  is  not. 

Nous  ne  sommes  pas  We  are  not. 

Vous  n'etes  pas  You  are  not. 

Us  ne  sont  pas  They  are  not. 

C'est  It  is. 

Ce  n'est  pas  It  is  not. 

Est-ce?  — Is  it  (pron.  s)  ? 

N'est-ce  pas?  — Is  it  not? 

Imperfect. 

J'etais  — I  was,  I  used  to  be. 

Tu  etais  —Thou  wast,  thou  used  to  be. 

II  etait  — He  was,  he  used  to  be. 

Nous  etions  — We  were,  we  used  to  be. 

Vous  etiez  —You  were,  you  used  to  be. 

Us  etaient  —They  were,  they  used  to  be. 

Etais-je  — Was  I?  Etions-nous Were  we? 

Etais-tu  —Wast  thou?  Etiez-vous    Were  you? 

Etait-il  —Was  he?  Etaient-ils    Were  they? 

Je  n'etais  pas  —I  was  not. 

II  n'etait  pas  —He  was  not. 

Nous  n'etions  pas We  were  not. 

Vous  n'etiez  pas         —You  were  not. 
Us   n'etaient    pas         —They  were  not. 
C'etait  —It  was. 

Etait-ce  —Was  it? 

Present  Participle:    Etant Being  (irr.). 

Imperative:    Sois Be.    Soyons — Let  us  be.    Soyez — Be. 


27 


Je  serai  — 

Tu  seras 
II  sera 
Nous  serons 
Vous  serez 
Us  seront 

Je  serais 
Tu  serais 
II  serait 
Nous  serions 
Vous  seriez 
Us  seraient 

Que  je  sois 
Que  tu  sois 
Qu'il  soit 
Que  nous  soyons 
Que  vous  soyez 
Qu'ils  soient 


Future. 

— I  shall  or  will  be. 
— Thou  wilst  be. 
—He  will  be. 
— We  will  be. 
— You  will  be. 
— They  will  be. 

Conditional 

— I  would  or  should  be. 
— Thou  wouldst  be. 
— He  would  be. 
— We  would  be. 
— You  would  be. 
— They  would  be. 

Present  Subjunctive, 

—That  I  be. 
That  thou  be. 

—That  he  be. 
That  we  be. 

—That  you  be. 
That  they  be. 


Past  Participle:   £te 

Pupils  must   know  this  verb  perfectly, 
forms  in  French  and  in  English. 


in  all  the  16 


CONDUIRE— To  conduct,  to  drive. 

Conduit Conducted. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  conduis  -I  am  conducting,  I  do  conduct,  I  conduct. 

Nous  conduisons-We  are  conducting,  we  do  conduct,  we  conduct. 
Us  conduisent       -They  are  conducting,  they  do  conduct,  they  conduct 
Imperative:  Conduis— Conduct.    Conduisons — Let  us   conduct. 
Conduisez — Conduct   (you). 

Present  Participle:    Conduisant Conducting. 

Imperfect:    J.e  conduisais 1  was  conducting,  I  used  to  conduct. 

Present  Subjunctive:   Que  je  conduise That  I  conduct. 


28 

Conjugate  like  Conduire. 

Construire To  construct.  Induire  To  induce. 

Cuire  To  cook.  Nuire  To  hurt. 

Deduire      To  deduct.  Reduire  To  reduce. 

Detruire     To  destroy.  Introduire To  show  in. 

Instruire    To  instruct.  Traduire  To  translate. 

Produire    To  produce. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  £tre. 

VAINCRE— To  vanquish. 
Vaincu — Vanquished. 

Vaincre  is  seldom  used  in  the  Present  and  in  the  Imperfect  o 
the  Indicative. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  vaincs  — I  am  vanquishing,  I  do  vanquish,  I  vanquish. 

Nous  vainquons — We  are  vanquishing,  we  do  vanquish,  we  vanquisl 
Us  vainquent      — They    are    vanquishing,    they    do    vanquish,    the 

vanquish. 

Imperative:  Vaincs — Vanquish.  Vainquons — Let  us  vanquish. 
Vainquez — Vanquish   (you). 

Present  Participle:    Vainquant Vanquishing. 

Imperfect:  Je  vainquais 1  was  vanquishing,  I  used  to  vanquish 

Present  Subjunctive :  Que  je  vainque That  I  vanquish. 

Convaincre  is  conjugated  like  Vaincre. 

CONNA1TRE— To  be  acquainted  with,  to  know  by  sight. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  connais  1  am  knowing,  I  do  know,  I  know. 

Nous  connaissons We  are  knowing,  we  do  know,  we  know. 

Us  connaissent          —They  are  knowing,  they  do  know,  they  knov 

Imperative:    Connais — Know.    Connaissons — Let  us  know. 

Connaissez Know. 

Present  Participle:    Connaissant Knowing. 

Imperfect:   Je  connaissais 1  was  knowing,  I  used  to  know. 

Present  Subjunctive:    Que  je  connaisse That  I  know. 


29 

Conjugate  like  Connaitre. 
Paraitre  —To  look. 

Reconnaitre To  recognize. 

Reparaitre    -    —To  appear  again. 

Apparaitre    To  appear. 

Disparaitre  To  disappear. 

Comparaitre To  appear  before  a  court. 

Write  in  all  the  tenses  of  the  verb  Paraitre. 

BO  IRE— To  drink. 

Bu— Drank. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  bois  — I  am  drinking,  I  do  drink,  I  drink. 

Nous  buvons  — We  are  drinking,  we  do  drink,  we  drink. 

Us  boivent  —They  are  drinking,  they  do  drink,  they  drink. 

Imperative:   Bois — Drink.   Buvons — Let  us  drink.    Buvez — Drink. 

Present  Participle:   Buvant Drinking. 

Imperfect:   Je  buvais 1  was  drinking,  I  used  to  drink. 

Present  Subjunctive  (irregular). 
Que  je  boive  —That  I   drink. 

Que  nous  buvions  -  —That  we  drink. 

CROIRE— To   Believe. 

Cru Believed. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  crois  — I  am  believing,  I  do  believe,  I  believe. 

Nous  croyons  — We  are  believing,  we  do  believe,  we  believe. 
Us  croient  —They  are  believing,  they  do  believe,  they  believe. 

Imperative. 
Crois — Believe.  Croyons — Let  us  believe.   Croyez — Believe  (you). 

Present  Participle:    Croyant Believing. 

Imperfect. 

Je  croyais  1  was  believing,  I  used  to  believe. 

Nous  croyions    -    — We  were  believing,  we  used  to  believe. 
Present  Subjunctive:   Que  je  croie That  I  believe. 


30 

CRAINDRE— To  Fear. 

Craint Feared. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  crains  1  am  fearing,  I  do  fear,  I  fear. 

Nous  craignons We  mre  fearing,  we  do  fear,  we  fear. 

Us  craignent  — They  are  fearing,  they  do  fear,  they  fear. 

Imp:  Grains — Fear.  Craignons — Let  us  fear.  Craignez — Fear  (you 

Present  Participle:    Craignant Fearing. 

Imperfect:  Je  craignais 1  was  fearing,  I  used  to  fear. 

Present  Subjunctive:    Que  je  craigne That  I  fear. 

Conjugate  like  Craindre. 

Atteindre     To  reach.  Eteindre  —To  extinguisl 

Peindre         To  paint.  Teindre  —To  dye. 

Plaindre  —To  pity.  Joindre To  join. 

Write  in  all  the  tenses  the  verb  Plaindre. 


METTRE— To  put,  or  to  put  on. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  mets  1  am  putting,  I  do  put,  I  put. 

Nous  mettons We  are  putting,  we  do  put,  we  put. 

Us  mettent         —They  are  putting,  they  do  put,  they  put 

Past  Participle:    Mis Put. 

Write  the  whole  verb. 

Conjugate  like  Mettre. 
Admettre  —To  admit. 

Promettre  —To  promise. 

Permettre          To  allow,  or  to  permit. 

Omettre               — To  omit. 
Commettre        • To  commit. 


31 

CUEILLIR— To  Pick. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  cueille  1  pick,  I  am  picking. 

Nous  cueillons    We  pick,  we  are  picking. 

Us  cueillent  —They  pick,  they  are  picking. 

"Imperfect:   Je  cueillais 1  was  picking,  or  used  to  pick. 

Present  Subjunctive:   Que  je  cueille That  I  pick  up. 

Future  and  Conditional:   Je  cueillerai 1  shall  or  will  pick. 

Past  Participle:    Cueilli Picked. 

Conjugate  like  Cueillir. 
Accueillir  —To  welcome. 

Tressaillir  —To  start  up. 

Assaillir          To  assault. 

But  in  the  Future  and  Conditional:   Je  tressaillirai ;  j'assaillirai. 

BOUILLIR— To  Boil. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  bous  — •— I  boil,  I  am  boiling,  I  do  boil. 

Nous  bouillons    -    — We  boil,  we  are  boiling,  we  do  boil. 
Us  bouillent  —They  boil,  they  are  boiling,  they  do  boil. 

Past  Participle:    Bouilli Boiled. 

Write  the  whole  verb. 

CONCLURE— To  Conclude. 

Infinitive:     Conclure. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  conclus  1  conclude,  I  am  concluding. 

Nous  concluons We  conclude,  we  are  concluding. 

Us  concluent  —They  conclude,  they  are  concluding. 

Past  Participle:   Conclu Concluded. 

Write  the  whole  verb. 
Conjugate  the  same:    Exclure. 


32 

VfiTIR— To  Clothe. 
Present  Indicative. 

Je  vets  1  clothe,  I  am  clothing. 

Nous  vetons We  clothe,  we  are  clothing. 

Us  vetent        They  clothe,  they  are  clothing. 

Past  Participle:    Vetu Clothed. 

Devetir — to    undress — and    Revetir — to    clothe — are    conjugated 
like  Vetir. 

Write  the  whole  verb  Vetir. 


SUFFIRE— To  Suffice. 

Infinitive:     Suffire. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  suffis  1  suffice. 

Nous  suffisons    We  suffice. 

Us  suffisent          They  suffice. 

Past  Participle:    Suffi Sufficed. 

Confire   is   conjugated   the   same,   except  in   the   Past   Participle 
(Confit). 

Write  the  whole  verb. 

CRO1TRE— To  Grow, 

Je  crois  1  grow,  I  am  growing. 

Nous  croissons  We  grow,  we  are  growing. 

Us  croissent  —They  grow,  they  are  growing. 

Past   Participle:     Cru Grown. 

Conjugate  like  Croitre,  Accroitre — to  increase,  and  Decroitre — 
to  diminish. 

Read  the  verb  fitre  aloud. 

MOURIR— To  Die. 

Je  meurs                             — I  die,  I  am  dying. 
Nous  mourons                   — We  die,  we  are  dying. 
Us  meurent  They  die,  they  are  dying. 


33 

Present  Subjunctive  (irregular). 

Que  je  meure  That  I  die. 

Que  nous  mourions     That  we  die. 

Future  and  Conditional  (irr.) :  Je  mourrai 1  shall  or  will  die. 

Past  Participle:    Mort Dead. 

ACQU£RIR— To  acquire. 
Acquis Acquired. 

Present  Indicative. 

J'acquiers  1  am  acquiring,  I  do  acquire,  I  acquire. 

Nous  acquerons We  are  acquiring,  we  do  acquire,  we  acquire. 

Us  acquierent     They  are  acquiring,  they  do  acquire,  they 

acquire. 

Imperative:   Acquiers — Acquire.    Acquerons — Let  us  acquire. 

Future  and  Conditional:   J'acquerrai 1  will  acquire. 

Present  Participle:   Acquerant Acquiring. 

Imperfect J'acquerais 1  was  acquiring,  I  used  to  acquire. 

Subjunctive:    Que  j'acquiere That  I  acquire. 

Que  nous  acquerions That  we  acquire. 

Read  the  verb  Etre. 

VOIR— To  see. 

Vu— Seen. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  vois  1  am  seeing,  I  do  see,  I  see. 

Nous  voyons    -    — We  are  seeing,  we  do  see,  we  see. 
Us  voient          They  are  seeing,  they  do  see,  they  see. 

Future  and  Conditional:   Je  verrai 1  shall  or  will  see. 

Imperative:    Vois — See.    Voyons — Let  us  see.    Voyez — See  (you). 

Present  Subjunctive:   Que  je  voie That  I  see. 

Present  Participle:    Voyant Seeing. 

Imperfect:   Je  voyais 1  was  seeing,  I  used  to  see. 


34 

Conjugate  like  Voir. 

Entrevoir  To  have  a  glimpse  of. 

Revoir  To  see  again. 

Prevoir To    foresee;    and   Pourvoir To   provide;    are   als< 

conjugated   like  Voir,   except  in   the   Future   and   Conditional    (J 
prevoirai;  je  pourvoirai). 


COURIR— To  run. 
Couru Ran,  Run. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  cours  1  am  running,  I  do  run,  I  run. 

Nous  courons  We  are  running,  we  do  run,  we  run. 

Us  courent        They  are  running,  they  do  run,  they  run. 

Imp.:  Cours — Run.   Courons — Let  us  run.  Courez — Run  (you). 

Present  Participle:    Courant Running. 

Imperfect:  Je  courais 1  was  running,  I  used  to  run. 

Present  Subjunctive:    Que  je  coure That  I  run. 

Future  (irregular) :  Je  courrai 1  shall  or  will  run. 

Conjugate  like  Courir. 

Accourir    To  run  to.  Encourir    To  incur. 

Concourir To  concur.  Parcourir To  run  over. 

Discount  To  discourse.  Secourir     To  relieve. 

RECEVOIR— To  receive. 
Read  aloud  the  verb  £tre. 

Regu Received. 

Je  regois  1  am  receiving,  I  do  receive,  I  receive. 

Nous  recevonsi We  are  receiving,  we  do  receive,  we  receive. 

Us  regoivent    They  are  receiving,  they  do  receive,  they  receive 

Imperative:   Regois — Receive.   Recevons — Let  us  receive. 
Recevez — Receive  (you). 

Present  Participle:    Recevant Receiving. 

Imperfect — Je  recevais 1  was  receiving,  I  used  to  receive. 


35 

Present  Subjunctive. 
Que  je  resolve  —That  I   receive. 

Que  nous  recevions          —That  we  receive. 

Future:   Je  recevrai 1  shall  or  will  receive. 

Conjugate  like  Recevoir. 

Apercevoir  To  perceive.  Concevoir     To  conceive. 

Decevoir       To  deceive.  Devoir          To  have  to. 

Note. — All  the  Verbs  ending  in  "cevoir"  take  a  cedilla  under  the 
"c"  (c)  before  "o"  and  "u". 

DEVOIR— To  have  to,  or  to  owe. 
Du Had  to  or  owed. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  dois  1  must,  I  have  to — I  owe. 

Nous  devons        — We  must,  we  have  to — we  owe. 
Us  doivent         They  must,  they  have  to — they  owe. 

Present  Participle:    Devant Having  to,  or  owing. 

Imperfect:   Je  devais 1  had  to,  I  was  owing. 

Present  Subjunctive. 

Que  je  doive  —That  I  owe,  that  I  have  to. 

Que  nous  devions  -  — That  we  have  to,  that  we  owe. 

Future:  Je  devrai I'll  have  to,  or  I'll  owe. 

VALOIR— To  be  worth. 

Read  the  verb  fitre. 
Valu Been  Worth. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  vaux 1  am  worth. 

II  vaut  —He  is  worth. 

Nous  valons      We  are  worth. 

Us  valent  They  are  worth. 


36 

Imperative:    Vaux Be  worth.    Valons— Let  us  be  worth. 

Valez Be  worth  (you). 

Present  Participle:    Valant Being  worth 

Imperfect:   Je  valais 1  was  worth. 

Present  Subjunctive. 
Que  je  vaille  — That  I  be  worth. 
Que  nous  valions  That  we  be  worth. 

Conjugate  like  Valoir. 

Equivaloir         To  be  equivalent. 

Prevaloir  To  prevail. 

S AVOIR — To  know  (mental  knowledge,  information). 
Su Known. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  sais  1  do  know,  I  know. 

Nous  savons     We  do  know,  we  know. 

Us  savent  They  do  know,  they  know. 

Imperfect:    Je  savais 1  knew,  I  used  to  know. 

Imp.:  Sache — Know.  Sachons — Let  us  know.  Sachez — Know  (you) 

Present  Participle:    Sachant Knowing. 

Present  Subjunctive:   Que  je  sache That  I  know. 

Que  nous  sachions That  we  know. 

Future  and  Conditional  (irr.) :    Je  saurai 1  shall  or  will  know. 

POUVOIR— To  be  able,  can. 

Pu Been  able. 

Present   Indicative. 

Je  peux,  or  je  puis 1  am  able,  I  can. 

Nous  pouvons  We  are  able,  we  can. 

Us  peuvent  They  are  able,  they  can. 

Puis-je  Can  I,  or  may  I. 

No  Imperative. 
Present   Participle:    Pouvant Being   able. 


37 

Imperfect:    Je  pouvais 1  could,  or  I  was  able. 

Present  Subjunctive:    Que  je  puisse That  I  be  able. 

Future  (irr.) :   Je  pourrai 1  shall  or  will  be  able. 

PRENDRE— To  take. 

Pris Taken. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  fitre. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  prends          1  am  taking,  I  do  take,  I  take. 

Nous  prenons  We  are  taking,  we  do  take,  we  take. 

Us  prennent      They  are  taking,  they  do  take,  they  take. 

II  prend  — He  is  taking,  he  does  take,  he  takes. 

Imp.:  Prends — Take.   Prenons — Let  us  take.   Prenez — Take  (you). 

Present  Participle:    Prenant Taking. 

Imperfect:    Je  prenais 1  was  taking,  I  used  to  take. 

Subjunctive. 

Que  je  prenne              —That  I  take. 
Que  nous  prenions That  we  take. 

Conjugate  like  Prendre. 

Apprendre         To  learn. 

Comprendre      To  understand. 

Entreprendre    To  undertake. 

Reprendre         To  take  again. 

Surprendre        To  surprise. 

VOULOIR— To  want,  to  wish. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  fitre. 

Voulu Wanted. 

Present  Indicative. 
Je  veux  — I  want,  I  am  wanting,  I  do  want. 

Nous  voulons We  want,  we  are  wanting,  we  do  want. 

Us  veulent  —They  want,  they  are  wanting,  they  do  want. 


38 

Imperative:    Veuillez Please  be  kind  enough  to, 

Veuille  and  Veuillons  are  rarely  used. 
Subjunctive. 

Que  je  veuille  That  I  want. 

Que  nous  voulions That  we  want. 

Present  Participle:    Voulant Wanting. 

Imperfect. 

Je  voulais          1  used  to  want,  I  was  wanting. 

Nous  voulions We  used  to  want,  we  were  wanting. 

Vous  vouliez    You  used  to  want,  you  were  wanting. 

Future  and  Conditional  (irregular). 

Je  voudrai         1  shall  or  will  want. 

Je  voudrais       1  should  or  would  want. 

Je  voudrais       1  wish  or  I  would  like. 

FAIRE— To  do,  or  to  make. 

Fait Done  or  made. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  fais  1  am  doing,  I  do. 

Nous  faisons     We  are  doing,  we  do. 

Vous  faites        You  are  doing,  you  do. 

Us  font  They  are  doing,  they  do. 

Imperative:  Fais Do  or  make.    Faisons Let  us  do  or  make, 

Faites Do  or  make. 

Present  Participle:   Faisant Doing  or  making. 

Imperfect:   Je  faisais 1  was  doing,  I  used  to  do. 

Present  Subjunctive:    Que  je  fasse That  I  do  or  make. 

Que  nous  fassions That  we  do  or  make. 

Future  and  Conditional  (irr.):    Je  ferai 1  shall  do. 

Conjugate  like  Faire. 

Contrefaire         To  counterfeit. 

Defaire  To  undo. 

Forfaire  —To  forfeit. 
Parfaire  —To  perfect. 
Satisfaire  To  satisfy. 


39 


ALLER— To  go. 

Read  aloud  the  verb  fitre. 

A116 Gone. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  vais  1  am  going,  I  do  go,  I  go. 

Tu  vas  Thou  art  going,  thou  dost  go,  thou  goest. 

II  va  He  is  going,  he  does  go,  He  goes. 

Nous  allons       We  are  going,  we  do  go,  we  go. 

Vous  allez         You  are  going,  you  do  go,  you  go. 

Us  vont  They  are  going,  they  do  go,  they  go. 

Imperative. 

Va Go.     Allons Let  us  go.     Allez Go  (you). 

Present   Participle:    Allant Going. 

Imperfect:    J'allais 1  was  going,  I  used  to  go. 

Present   Subjunctive    (irregular). 
Que  j'aille                    —That  I  go. 
Que  nous  allions    That  we  go. 

Future  and  Conditional  (irregular) :   J'irai 1  shall  or  will  go. 

VENIR— To  come. 
Read  aloud  the  verb  fitre. 

Venu Come. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  viens  1  am  coming,  I  do  come,  I  come. 

Nous  venons    We  are  coming,  we  do  come,  we  come. 

Us  viennent      They  are  coming,  they  do  come,  they  come. 

Imperative. 

Viens Come.    Venons Let  us  come.    Venez Come  (you). 

Present  Participle:    Venant Coming. 

Imperfect:    Je  venais 1  was  coming,   I  used   to  come. 

Present  Subjunctive. 

Que  je  vienne  That  I  come. 

Que  nous  venions    That  we  come, 


40 

Future  and  Conditional  (irregular). 

Je  viendrai 1  shall  or  will  come. 

Conjugate  like  Venir. 

Revenir    To  come  back.      Convenir      To  suit. 

Devenir    To  become.  Intervenir     To  interfere. 

Parvenir To  reach.  Prevenir       To  inform, 

(se)  Souvenir    To  remember. 

TENIR— To  hold. 

Present  Indicative. 

Je  tiens  — I  hold,  I  am  holding. 

Nous  tenons  — We  hold,  we  do  hold. 

Us  tiennent  —They  hold,  they  do  hold. 

Imperfect:    Je  tenais    1  was  holding,  I  used  to  hold. 

Imperative:    Tiens — Hold.    Tenons — Let  us  hold.    Tenez — Hold 

Present  Participle:    Tenant Holding. 

Present  Subjunctive. 
Que  je  tienne  —That  I  hold. 

Que  nous  tenions    That  we  hold. 

Future  (irregular) :   Je  tiendrai 1  shall  or  will  hold. 

Conjugate  like  Tenir. 

S'abstenir            —To  abstain.     Maintenir          — To  maintain. 
Appartenir          — To  belong.       Obtenir             — To  obtain. 
Contenir          To  contain.     Retenir         To  hold  back. 


IMPERSONAL  VERBS. 

FALLOIR— To  be  necessary. 

Fallu Been  necessary. 

11  taut  — It  is  necessary. 

Faut-il?  — Is  it  necessary? 

II  fallait  It  was  necessary. 

II  faudra          It  will  be  necessary. 


II  pleut 
Pleut-il 
II  pleuvait 
II  pleuvra' 
Qu'il  pleuve 


41 

PLEUVOIR— To  rain. 
Plu— Rained. 

— It  is  raining,  it  does  rain,  it  rains. 

— Is  it  raining,  does  it  rain? 

— It  was  raining,  it  used  to  rain. 

It  will  rain. 

That  it  rain. 


Present  Participle:    Pleuvant Raining. 


Y  AVOIR— To  Be  (impersonal). 


II  y  a  There  is,  or  there  are. 

Y  a-t-il  Are  there,  or  is  there? 

II  y  avait  — There  was,  there  were. 

Y  avait-il  — Was  there,  were  there? 

II  y  aura  There  will  be. 

Qu'il  y  ait  —That  there  be. 

II  y  a  eu          There  has  been. 


S'AGIR— To  be  the  question. 


II  s'agit 
II  s'agissait 
II  s'agira 
Qu'il  s'agisse 

S'agissant 


-The  question  is. 
-The  question  was. 
—The  question  will  be. 
—That  the  question  be. 
—The  question  being. 


GELER— To  freeze. 

Present  Indicative:    II  gele It  is  freezing,  it  freezes. 

Imperfect:    II  gelait It  was  freezing,  it  used  to  freeze. 

Present  Participle:    Gelant Freezing. 

II  gelera It  will  freeze. 


42 

GRELER— To  hail. 

Present  Indicative:    II  grele It  is  hailing,  it  hails. 

Imperfect:    II  grelait It  was  hailing,  it  used  to  hail. 

Present  Participle:    Grelant Hailing. 

NEIGER — To  snow. 

Present  Indicative:    II  neige It  is  snowing,  it  snows. 

Imperfect:   II  neigeait It  was  snowing,  it  used  to  snow. 

Present  Participle:    Neigeant Snowing. 

TONNER— To  thunder. 

Present  Indicative:    II  tonne It  is  thundering;  it  thunders. 

Imperfect:    II  tonnait It  was   thundering;   it  used   to    thundei 

Present  Participle:    Tonnant Thundering. 

The  irregularities  of  the  English  Imperfect  are: 

Je  pouvais         1  could  (when  "could"  is  equivalent  to  "was 

able"). 
Je  voulais  — I    wanted    (when    "wanted"    is    equivalent    t< 

"was  wishing"). 
Je  connaissais 1  knew   (when  "knew"  is  equivalent  to  "wa 

acquainted  with"). 

Je  savais  — I  knew  (for  I  was  knowing). 

Je  devais  — I  had  to  (equivalent  to  "was  obliged  to"). 

Je  pensais  — I  thought. 

Je  portais  — I  wore  (equivalent  to  "had  on"). 

The  exceptions  of  the  French  Imperatives  are: 

Ayons            — Let  us  have.         Soyez  — Be. 

Ayez               — Have.  Sachons          — Let  us  know. 

Soyons           — Let  us  be.  Sachez  —Know. 

Veuillez    Please  be  kind  enough  to. 

The  exceptions  of  the  French  Present  Participles  are: 
Ayant Having.       Etant Being.       Sachant Knowing. 


43 
PAST  PARTICIPLES. 


Conjugated  with  the  a 
Eu               —Had. 
fite               —Been. 
Ouvert     Open. 

uxihary  Av< 
Cousu 
Decousu 
ficrit 
Decrit 
Prescrit 
Inscrit 
Souscrit 

Dit 
Contredit 
Dedit 
Medit 
Predit 
Interdit 
Ri 
Souri 
Vendu 
Entendu 
Attendu 
Attendu 
Repondu 
Defendu 
Descendu 
Fendu 

Repandu 
Tordu 
Rendu 
Vecu 
Survecu 
Suivi 
Poursuivi 
Battu 
Abattu 
Debattu 
Combattu 
Rebattu 

>ir  are: 
Sewed. 
—  Unsewed. 
—Written. 
Described. 

Offert      Offered. 
Lu            Read. 

Inscribed. 
Subscribed. 

Desservi  Cleared  the  table, 
Menti       Lied. 
Dementi  Contradicted. 
Senti            —Felt.      * 
Consenti  Consented. 
Pressenti  Foreseen. 
Ressenti  Resented. 
Fini          Finished. 
Uni           United. 

Disowned. 
—  -Slandered. 

Forbidden. 
Laughed. 

Sold 

-Heard. 
Expected. 

Rousri       •    Blushed 

Gueri        Cured. 
Vieilli       Grown  old. 
Garni       Trimmed. 

Forbidden. 
Gone  down. 
—Split. 

T   r»of 

Choisi      Chosen. 
Sali           Soiled. 
Rempli        —Fulfilled. 
Reussi      Succeeded. 
Peri              —Perished. 
Obei             —Obeyed. 
Desobei  Disobeyed. 
N^ourri     •  Fed 

—Spilled. 
Twisted. 
Rendered. 
Lived. 
Survived. 
Followed. 
Pursued. 

Averti      Advertised. 
Grossi      Grown  big. 
TTsiT                      TTQtf»H 

Pulled  down. 
Discussed. 
Fought. 
Beaten  again. 

Fui            Flown. 

44 


Plu 
Deplu 
Complu 
Conduit 
Construit 
Cuit 
Deduit 
Instruit 
Produit 
Induit 
Nui 
Reduit 
Introduit 
Vaincu 
Convaincu 
Connu 
Reconnu 
Paru 
Disparu 
Apparu 
Bu 
Cru 
Craint 
Attaint 
Peint 
Plaint 
Eteint 
Teint 
Joint 
Mis 
Admis 
Promis 
Permis 
Omis 
Commis 
Bouilli 
Conclu 
Cru 
Accru 
Suffi 

Pleased. 
Displeased. 

VStu 
Tressailli 
Cueilli 
Accueilli 
Resolu 
Acquis 
Conquis 
Vu 
Revu 
Prevu 
Pourvu 
Couru 
Accouru 
Concouru 
Parcouru 
Secouru 
Regu 
Apergu 
Degu 
Congu 
Du 
Du 
Valu 
fiquivalu 
Su 
Pu 
Pris 
Appris 
Compris 
Entrepris 
Repris 
Voula 
Fait 
Satisfait 
Tenu 
Retenu 
Appartenu 
Plu 
Fallu 
11  ya  eu 

Clothed. 

PirWrl 

Conducted. 

Resolved. 
Acquired. 
—  Conquered. 

Cooked 

—Deducted. 
—Instructed. 

—  Seen  again. 
—  Foreseen. 

Induced. 
—Hurt. 
—  Reduced. 

T?nn 

Ran  to. 
—  Concurred. 

—  Vanquished. 
—  Convinced. 
Known. 
Recognized. 
Looked. 
—  Disappeared. 

..  -Relieved 

Received. 
Perceived. 

Conceived. 
—Had  to. 
OivpH 

—Drunk. 
Believed. 

—  Been  worth. 
—  Been  equivalent. 
Known. 
—  —  Been  able. 
Taken. 
Learned. 
Understood. 
—  Undertaken. 
Taken  again. 

Wsnfprl 

Reached. 
—Painted. 

PitipH 

Extinguished. 
—Dyed. 

Put  (on). 
Admitted. 

Allowed. 
—Omitted. 

Done  or  made. 

—Held. 
-Held  back. 

—Boiled. 
Concluded. 

Rained. 
Been  necessary. 
There  has  been. 

Increased. 
Sufficed. 

45 

VERBS  WHICH  HAVE  PECULIARITIES. 

Verbs  ending  in  the  Infinitive  by  "cer"  take  a  cedilla  under  the 
"c"  before  "o"  and  "a"  to  soften  the  "c".  For  example: 

Nous  commensons We  begin. 

Je  commengais  — I  was  beginning. 

Nous  avangons  — We  advance. 

J'avangais  — I  was  advancing. 

Verbs  ending  in  "ger",  like  manger,  to  eat;  partager,  to  partake; 
voyager,  to  travel,  etc.,  take  an  "e"  euphonic  after  the  "g"  before 
"o"  and  "a"  to  soften  the  "g": 

Nous  mangeons — —We  eat.         Nous  voyageons We  travel. 

Verbs  ending  in  "eler"  and  "eter"  take  two  "1's"  and  two  "t's" 
before  a  silent  syllable. 


J'appelle 
Nous  appelons 

Exceptions: 
J'achete 
11  achete 
Us  achetent 

Verbs  ending  in 
silent  syllable: 

Je  m'ennuie 
Nous  nous  enn 
J'emploie 

T'AtTTnlr*i/aic 

1  call.               Je  jette               1  throw. 
•  \Ve  call.          Nous  jetons      We  throw. 

x  Duy. 
He  buys. 
They  buy. 

"oyer"  or  "uyer"  change  the  "y"  to  "i"  before  a 

1  i  eel  lonely. 
Luvons            \Ve  feel  lonelv 

I  emolov 

-T    -U7QC    pm-nlriArincy 

Verbs  ending  in  "ener"  take  an  accent  (s)  on  the  first  "e"  before 
a  silent  syllable: 

Promener          To  take   .    .    .   for  a  walk. 

tje  promene 
Nous  promenons 

Verbs  having  an  "e"  at  the  last  syllable  of  the  radical  change  it 
to  "e"  before  "e",  "es",  "ent": 

Preferer  Je  prefere  Nous  preferons 

but  Creer  Je  Cree  Nous  creons 


46 


Avoir 
£tre 
Ouvrir 
Souffrir 
Couvrir 
Offrir 
Lire 
Dormir 
Servir 
Mentir 
Dementir 
Sentir 
Consentir 
Pressentir 
Ressentir 
Finir 
Unir 
Saisir 
Rougir 
Guerir 
Vieillir 
Garnir 
Agir 
Choisir 
Salir 
Remplir 
Reussir 
Perir 
Obeir 
Desobeir 
Nourrir 
Avertir 
Grossir 
Hair 
Coudrs 
Fuir 
Decoudre 
Conduire 

INFIN 
To  have. 
To  be. 
To  open. 
To  suffer. 
To  cover. 
To  offer. 
To  read. 
To  sleep. 
To  serve. 
To  lie. 
To  contradict. 

Tn    fpp! 

ITIVES. 
ficrire 
Decrire 
Prescrire 
Souscrire 
Transcrire 
Dire 
Contredire 
Dedire 
Medire 
Predire 
Rire  de 
Sourire 
Vendre 
Entendre 
Attendre 
Repondre 
Interrompre 
Correspondn 
Defendre 
Descendre 
Perdre 
Repandre 
Rendre 
Vivre 
Survivre 
Suivre 
Poursuivre 
Battre 
Abattre 
Debattre 
Combattre 
Plaire 
Deplaire 
Vetir 
Cuire 
Suffire 
Construire 
Cueillir 

To  write. 
To  describe. 
To  prescribe. 
To  subscribe. 
To  transcribe. 
To  tell. 
To  contradict. 
To  disown. 
To  slander. 
To  predict. 
To  laugh  at. 

To  consent. 
To  foresee. 
To  resent. 
To  finish. 
To  unite. 
To  seize. 
To  blush. 
To  cure. 

To  sell. 
To  hear. 

To  answer. 
To  interrupt. 
5  To  correspond. 
To  forbid. 
To  go  down. 

To  trim. 

Tn    nrt 

....  _.  To  soill 

To  render. 
To  live. 
To  survive. 
—To  follow. 
—  To  pursue. 
—To  beat. 
To  Dull  down 

To  choose. 

To  fulfill. 
To  succeed. 
—  To  perish. 

To  disobey. 
-To  feed. 

To  discuss. 
—To  fight. 
To  please. 

To  grow  big. 
To  hate. 

—To  clothe. 

Tr»    flpp 

—  To  unsew. 
To  conduct. 

To  construct. 
To  pick. 

Instruire           —To  instruct. 
Produire            —To  produce. 

Acquerir 
Conquerir 
Voir" 
Revoir 
Prevoir 
Pourvoir 
Courir 
Accourir 
Concourir 
Parcourir 
Secourir 
Recevoir 
Apercevoir 
Decevoir 
Concevoir 
Devoir 
Valoir 
fiquivaloir 
Savoir 
S'asseoir 
Pleuvoir 
Falloir 
Yavoir 
Pouvoir 
Prendre 
Apprendre 
Comprendre 
Reprendre 
Surprendre 
Vouloir 
Venir 
Devenir 
Revenir 
Prevenir 
Tenir 
Retenir 
Appartenir 
Aller 
S'en  aller 

To  acquire. 
—  To  conquer. 

Tn    c^f* 

Wiiir**                               Tn    Tinrf- 

Reduire             —To  reduce. 
Introduire    To  show  in. 
Vaincre              —To  vanquish. 
Convaincre  —  —To  convince. 

To  foresee. 
—  To  provide. 
To  run. 
To  run  to. 
To  concur. 
—  To  run  over. 

Reconnsitre     ••  To  recognize 

Paraitre            —To  look. 
Disparaitre  -  —To  disappear. 
Apparaitre   To  appear. 

"Roirf1                                 Tn    Hrinlr 

—  To  receive. 
—To  perceive. 
To  deceive. 

Croire                —  To  believe. 
Craindre           —  To  fear. 
Atteindre          —To  reach. 

—To  be  worth. 

Plaindre            —  To  pity, 
fiteindre            —  To  extinguish. 

TVinrlrf*                         Tn    r\\rf* 

To  sit. 
To  rain. 

Toindrc          •    •    To  ioin 

Mettre               —To  put;  put  on. 
Admettre          —To  admit. 

—To  be   (imp.). 
To  be  able. 
nr/->  +^1.^ 

Permettre         —To  permit. 
Omettre            —To  omit. 
Conmettre    -    —To  commit. 

"Rnnillir                          Tn    hnil 

—To  learn. 
To  understand. 
-  -  'To  take  acrain 

To  surprise. 
To  want. 
To  come. 

Mourir          To  die. 
Naitre           To  be  born. 

Croitrc          ~   •    To  2fro"w 

To  come  again. 
To  inform. 
To  hold. 
—  To  hold  back.    . 
To  belong  to. 
To  go. 
To  go  away. 

Accroitre     To  increase. 
Faire             To  do,  to  make. 

D£fair*»                        Tn    nnrln 

Satisfaire     To  satisfy. 
Accueillir    To  welcome. 
Resoudre        —  To  resolve. 

48 


FUTURE  AND  CONDITIONAL. 

The  Infinitives  end  in  r  or  in  re. 

The  Infinitive  forms  the  Future  and  the  Conditional  by  dropping 
the  final  r  or  re  and  replacing  it  by  the  following  endings: 


Endings  of  the  future:  Endings  of  the  conditional: 

Je  rai  Nous  rons  Je  rais  Nous  rions 

Tu  ras  Vous  rez  Tu  rais  Vous  riez 

II  ra  Us  ront  II  rait  Us  raient 

The  Future  is  equivalent  to  shall  or  will. 

The  Conditional  is  equivalent  to  should  or  would. 

Verbs  regular  in  the  Future  are  also  regular  in  the  Conditional. 

The  regular  Futures  are: 


Je  Krai 
J'ouvrirai 
Je  souffrirai 
Je  couvrirai 
J'offrirai 
Je  dormirai 
Je  servirai 
Je  mentirai 
Je  dementirai 
Je  sentirai 
Je  consentirai 
Je  pressentirai 
Je  ressentirai 
Je  finirai 
Je  rougirai 
J'unirai 
Je  saisirai 

1  shall  or  will  read. 
—  I  shall  open. 
1  shall  suffer. 
1  snail  cover. 

—I  shall  offer. 
—  I  shall  sleep. 
I  °hall  °erve 

1  shall  lie. 
I  ohall  contradict 

—I  shall  feel. 
I  ^hall  concent 

1  shall  foresee. 
I  '"hall  recent 

1  shall  finish. 
I  °hall  blu°h 

.,  1  shall  unite 
—  I  shall  seize 

49 


Je  guerirai 
Je  vieillirai 
Je  garnirai 
J'agirai 
Je  choisirai 
Je  salirai 
Je  remplirai 
Je  reussirai 
Je  perirai 
J'obeirai 
Je  desobeirai 
Je  nourrirai 
J'avertirai 
Je  hai'rai 
Je  fuirai 
Je  coudrai 
Je  decoudrai 
J'ecrirai 
Je  decrirai 
Je  prescrirai 
J'inscrirai 
Je  souscrirai 
Je  transcrirai 
Je  dirai 
Je  contredirai 
Je  dedirai 
Je  medirai 
Je  predirai 
J'interdirai 
Je  rirai 
Je  sourirai 
Je  vendrai 
J'entendrai 
J'attendrai 
Je  repondrai 
Je  defendrai 
Je  descendrai 

TA    -pAn/lrai 

1  shall  cure. 

I  shn.ll  trim 

—  I  shall  ace. 
1  shall  choose. 
—  I  shali  soil. 
1  shall  fulfill. 
....  j  shall  succeed 

—  I  shall  perish. 
1  shall  obey. 
1  shall  disobey. 

T    cVmll    fppH 

_  .j  shall  advertise 

—  I  shall  hate. 
—I  shall  flee. 
—  I  shall  sew. 

_  j  shill  \vritc 

1  shall  describe. 
1  shall  prescribe. 

...  „..    J  shall  subscribe 

1  shall  transcribe. 
—I  shall  tell. 

1  shall  slander. 
1  shall  predict. 
—I  shall  forbid. 

1  shall  smile. 
—I  shall  sell. 
1  shall  hear. 
—  I  shall  expect. 
1  shall  answer. 
—I  shall  forbid. 
—  I  shall  go  down. 

T    cl-io11     cr»1if 

Je  perdrai  —I  shall  lose, 

Je  repandrai         — I  shall  spilL 
Je  tordrai  — I  shall  twist 

Je  rendrai  — I  shall  render. 

Je  vivrai  — I  shall  live. 

Je  survivrai          — I  shall  survive. 
Je  suivrai  — I  shall  follow. 

Je  poursuivrai 1  shall  pursue. 

Je  battrai  —I  shall  beat. 

J'abattrai  —I  shall  pull  down. 

Je  debattrai          —I  shall  discuss. 

Je  combattrai 1  shall  fight. 

Je  rebattrai  —I  shall  beat  again, 

Je  plairai  — I  shall  please. 

Je  deplairai          — I  shall  displease. 

Je  complairai  -  — I  shall  humor. 
Je  conduirai         — I  shall  conduct. 

Je  construirai  1  shall  construct. 

Je  cuirai  — I  shall  cook. 

Je  deduirai  —I  shall  deduct. 

J'instruirai  — I  shall  instruct. 

Je  produirai         — I  shall  produce. 
J'induirai  — I  shall  induce. 

Je  nuirai  — I  shall  hurt. 

Je  reduirai  — I  shall  reduce. 

J'introduirai          — I  shall  show  in. 
Je  vaincrai  — I  shall  vanquish. 

Je  convaincrai 1  shall  convince. 

Je  connaitrai        — I  shall  know. 

Je  reconnaitrai 1  shall  recognize. 

Je  paraitrai  — I  shall  look. 

Je  disparaitrai 1  shall  disappear. 

J'apparaitrai          — I  shall  appear. 
Je  boirai  — I  shall  drink. 

Je  croirai  — I  shall  believe. 

Je  craindrai          —I  shall  fear. 
J'atteindrai  — I  shall  reach. 

Je  peindrai  — I  shall  paint. 


Je  plaindrai 
J'eteindrai 
Je  teindrai 
Je  joindrai 
Je  mettrai 
J'admettrai 
Je  promettrai 
Je  permettrai 
J'omettrai 
Je  commettrai 
Je  bouillirai 
Je  conclurai 
Je  croitrai 
Je  suffirai 
Je  vetirai 
Je  tressaillirai 
J'assaillirai 
Je  resoudrai 

Verbs    IRREGU 
onditional: 

J'aurai 
Je  serai 
Je  cueillerai 
J'accueillerai 
Je  courrai 
J'accourrai 
Je  concourrai 
Je  parcourrai 
Je  secourrai 
Je  recevrai 
*  J'apercevrai 
Je  decevrai 
Je  concevrai 
Je  devrai 
Je  vaudrai 
T'enuivaudrai 

1  shall  pity. 
—    shall  extinguish. 
—  !    shall  dye. 
;    shall  join. 
shall  put  (on). 
shall  admit. 
shall  promise. 
!    shall  allow. 
1  shall  omit. 

I  "hall  boil 

—  I  shall  conclude. 
1  shall  grow. 

IQlisH    rlntVtf* 

—  I  shall  start  up. 
—  I  shall  assault. 

LAR    in    the    Future    are   also    irregular    in   the 

—  I  shall  or  will  have. 
—I  shall  be. 
I  shall  oick 

—  I  shall  welcome. 

......  j  shall  run  to 

—  I  shall  concur. 

—  I  shall  relieve. 
1  shall  receive. 
—  I  shall  perceive. 

1  shall  conceive. 
—  I  shall  have  to. 
—  I  shall  be  worth. 

T    cli^H    hp    pniiii7Qlf»nf 

Je  prevaudrai 1  shall  prevail 

Je  saurai  1  shall  know. 

Je  pourrai  — I  shaH  be  abic. 

Je  voudrai  — I  shall  want 

Je  ferai  — I  shall  do  or  make- 

Je  contreferai 1  shall  counterfeit. 

Je  deferai  — I  shall  undo. 

Je  satisferai  1  shall  satisfy. 

J'irai  — I  shall  go. 

Je  m'en  irai          — I  shall  go  away. 
Je  viendrai  — I  shall  come. 

Je  deviendrai  -  — I  shall  become. 
Je  reviendrai        — I  shall  come  back. 

J'interviendrai 1  shall  interfere. 

J'assierai  — I  shall  sit. 

Je  previendrai 1  shall  inform. 

Je  tiendrai  — I  shall  hold. 

Je  retiendrai         — I  shall  hold  back. 

J'appartiendrai 1  shall  belong. 

Je  mourrai  — I  shall  die. 

Je  verrai  1  shall  see. 

Je  reverrai  — I  shall  see  again. 

J'enverrai  — I  shall  send. 

J'acquerrai  — I  shall  acquire. 

Je  conquerrai  -  — I  shall  conquer. 

II  faudra  — — It  will  be  necessary. 
II  y  aura  — There  will  be. 

II  pleuvra  —It  will  rain. 

Note — The  English  expression,  I  wish,  or  I  would  like,  is  ex- 
pressed in  French  "Je  voudrais". 

Could  expresses  in  English  either  the  Imperfect  or  the  Con- 
ditional. In  French,  if  could  can  be  replaced  by  "was  able",  the 
Imperfect  is  used,  but  if  "could"  can  be  replaced  by  "would  be 
able",  the  Conditional  must  be  used. 


Je  pouvais 
II  pouvait 
Nous  pouvions 
Vous  pouviez 
Us  pouvaient 


53 

Imperfect. 

-I  could  (meaning  was  able;. 
-He  could   (was  able). 
-We  could  (were  able). 
-You  could  (were  able). 
-They  could  (were  able). 


Je  pourrais 
II  pourrait 
Nous  pourrions 
Vous  pourriez 
Us  pourraient 

Je  devrais 
II  devrait 
Nous  devrions 
Vous  devriez 
Us  devraient 

J'aurais  du 
Tu  aurais  du 
II  aurait  du 
Nous  aurions  du 
Vous  auriez  du 
Us  auraient  du 


Conditional. 

-I  could  (would  be  able). 
-He  could  (would  be  able). 
-We  could  (would  be  able). 
-You  could  (would  be  able). 
-They  could  (would  be  able). 

-I  should  or  I  ought  to. 
-He  should  or  he  ought  to. 
-We  should  or  we  ought  to. 
-You  should  or  you  ought  to. 
-They  should  or  they  ought  to. 

-I  should  have  or  I  ought  to  have. 
-Thou  should  have  or  ought  to  have. 
-He  should  have  or  he  ought  to  have. 
-We  should  have  or  ought  to  have. 
-You  should  have  or  ought  to  have. 
-They  should  have  or  ought  to  have. 


SI— If. 

The  English  expression:  If  I  should,  if  we  should,  if  you  should, 
etc.,  is  expressed  in  French  by  the  Imperfect.  If  we  should  write, 
in  French  is  SI  NOUS  3CRIVIONS  (If  we  were  writing).  If 
you  should  do,  in  French  is  SI  VOUS  FAISIEZ  (If  you  were 
doing). 

The  verb  following  Si  can  never  be  in  the  Conditional. 

If  the  verb  which  follows  SI  is  in  the  Present,  the  other  verb 
must  be  in  the  future.  If  the  verb  following  SI  is  in  the  Imperfect, 
the  other  verb  must  be  in  the  Conditional.  For  example: 

S'il  pleut,  nous  irons  au  theatre. 

S'il  pleuvait,  nous  irions  au  theatre. 


54 

PAST  PARTICIPLES   CONJUGATED   WITH   THE   AUXIL- 
IARY £TRE  ARE: 

Alle  Gone.  Entre          Gone  in. 

Sorti  Gone  out.  Descendu  Gone  down. 

Parti  —Started.  Ne  —Born. 

Venu          Come.  Mort  Died. 

Revenu          — Come  back.  Decede       Deceased. 

Arrive        Arrived.  Echu  — Due. 

The  Infinitive  £tre  followed  by  any  of  the  above  Participles 
forms  the  Perfect  Infinitive: 

fitre  alle  —To  have  gone. 

The  Present  Participle  fitant  followed  by  any  of  the  above  Past 
Participles  forms  the  Perfect  Participle: 
fitant  revenu  — Having  come  back. 

The  Imperfect  J'etais,  etc.,  followed  by  one  of  the  above  Past 
Participles,  forms  the  Pluperfect: 

J'etais  arrive  — I  had  arrived. 

The  Future  Je  serai  followed  by  a  Past  Participle  forms  the 
Perfect  Future. 

The  Conditional  Je  serais  followed  by  a  Past  Participle  forms  the 
Past  Conditional. 

Je  serai  alle  1  shall  have  gone. 

Je  serais  alle 1  would  have  gone. 

The  Subjunctive  Que  je  sois  followed  by  one  of  the  above  Past 
Participles  forms  the  Perfect  Subjunctive: 

Que  je  sois  alle That  I  have  gone. 

The  Present  Indicative  Je  suis  followed  by  one  of  the  above 
Past  Participles  forms  the  Present  Perfect  or  the  Past  Indefinite. 
Observe  the  three  meanings  in  English:  Je  suis  alle — I  went,  I  did 
go,  I  have  gone. 

Note. — Gone  at  the  end  of  a  sentence  is  nearly  always  Parti. 
The  Past  Participle  conjugated  with  the  auxiliary  £tre  agrees 
in  Gender  and  in  Number  with  the  subject,  either  noun  or  pro- 
noun. 

ALLER— To  Go. 

Perfect  Infinitive:    £tre  alle To  have  gone. 

Perfect  Participle:   Etant  alle Having  gone. 

Past  Indefinite — Present  Perfect. 

Je  suis  alle  1  went,  I  did  go,  I  have  gone. 

Tu  es  alle  Thou  wentest,  thou  hast  gone. 

H  est  alle  — He  went,  he  did  go,  he  has  gone 


55 

Nous  sommes  alles We  went,  we  did  go,  we  have  gone. 

Vous  etes  alles  —You  went,  you  did  go,  you  have  gone. 

Us  sont  alles  —They  went,  they  did  go,  they  have  gone. 

Pluperfect. 

J'etais  alle  — I  had  gone. 

Tu  etais  alle  —Thou  had  gone. 

II  etait  alle  — He  had  gone. 

Nous  etions  alles    -   — We  had  gone. 

Vous  etiez  alle(s) You  had  gone. 

Us  etaient  alles  —They  had  gone. 

Perfect  Future. 

Je  serai  alle  — I  shall  have  gone. 

Tu  seras  alle  —Thou  shalt  have  gone. 

II  sera  alle  — He  will  have  gone. 

Nous  serons  alles    -   — We  will  have  gone. 

Vous  serez  alle(s) You  will  have  gone. 

Us  seront  alles  — They  will  have  gone. 

Past  Conditional. 

Je   serais  alle  — I  should  have  gone. 

Tu  serais  alle  —Thou  would  have  gone. 

II  serait  alle  He  would  have  gone. 

Nous  serions  alles We  would  have  gone. 

Vous  seriez  alle(s) You  would  have  gone. 

Us  seraient  alles         —They  would  have  gone. 

Perfect  Sunjunctive. 

Que  je  sois  alle  —That  I  have  gone. 

Que  tu  sois  alle  —That  thou  have  gone. 

Qu'il  soit  alle  —That  he  have  gone. 

Que  nous  soyons  alles         —That  we  have  gone. 

Que  vous  soyez  alle(s)  -    —That  you  have  gone. 
Qu'ils  soient  alles  —That  they  have  gone. 

Write    in    all    the    compound    tenses    the    verbs   which    take    the 
.auxiliary  fitre. 


56 


Present  Subjunctive. 

The  Present  of  the  Subjunctive  is  used  in  French  after  the  verbs 
Vouloir,  Aimer,  Desirer  in  all  their  tenses  and  after: 


II  faut  que 

Est-ce  possible  que 

A  moins  que 

Pour  que 

Afin  que 

Bien  que  or  quoi  que 


-It  is  necessary  that. 

-Is  it  possible  that? 

-Unless. 

-So  that. 

-In  order  that. 

-Though  or  although,  etc. 


The  Subjunctive  is  equivalent  to:  If  I  may,  etc.  In  the  Sub- 
junctive the  three  persons  singular  and  the  third  person  plural  are 
always  pronounced  the  same. 

The    Subjunctive   is    formed   by   the   first   person   plural    of    the 
Present  Indicative  by  dropping  ons  and  replacing  it  by: 
Je — e  Nous — ions 

Tu — es  Vous — iez 

II— e  Us— ent 


The  irregular  Subjunctives 
II  faut— 
Que  j'aie 
Que  nous  ayons 
Que  je  sois 
Que  nous  soyons 
Que  je  fuie 
Que  nous  fuyions 
Que  je  rie 
Que  nous  riions 
Que  je  boive 
Que  nous  buvions 
Que  je  croie 
Que  nous   croyions 
Que  j'acquiere 
Que  nous  acquerions 
Que  je  conquiere 
Que  nous  conquerions 
Que  je  voie 
Que  nous  voyions 
Que  je  prevoie 
Que  nous  preevoyions 


are: 
— It  is  necessary. 

—That  I  have. 
That  we  have. 

—That  I  be. 
That  we  be. 

—That  I  flee. 

—That  we  flee. 

—That  I  laugh. 

— That  we  laugh. 

—That  I  drink. 
That  we  drink. 

— That  I  believe. 

—That  we  believe. 

—That  I  acquire. 

—That  we  acquire. 

—That  I  conquer. 

—That  we  conquer. 

—That  I  see. 

That  we  see. 

That  I  forsee. 

That  we  foresee. 


57 


Que  je  pourvoie 

Que  nous  pourvoyions  - 

Que  je  regoive 

Que  nous  recevions 

Que  j'apergoive 

Que  nous  apercevions 

Que  je  congoive 

Que  nous  concevions 

Que  je  doive 

Que  nous  devions 

Que  je  vaille 

Que  nous  valions 

Que  je  prevaille 

Que  nous  prevalions 

Que  je  sache 

Que  nous  sachions 

Que  je  puisse 

Que  nous  puissons 

Que  je  prenne 

Que  nous  prenions 

Que  j'apprenne 

Que  nous  apprenions 

Que  je  comprenne 

Que  nous  comprenions  - 

Que  je  veuille 

Que  nous  voulions 

Que  je  fasse 

Que  nous  fassions 

Que  je  defasse 

Que  nous  defassions 

Que  je  satisfasse 

Que  nous  satisfassions  - 

Que  je  vienne 

Que  nous  venions 

Que  je  devienne 

Que  nous  devenions 

Que  je  revienne 

Que  nous  revenions 


—That  I  provide. 
—That  we  provide. 
—That  I  receive. 
-That  we  receive. 
—That  I  perceive. 
—That  we  perceive. 
—That  I  conceive. 
—That  we  conceive. 
-That  I  have  to. 
—That  we  have  to. 
-That  I  be  worth. 
—That  we  be  worth. 
—That  I  prevail. 
—That  we  prevail. 
-That  I  know. 
—That  we  know. 
-That  I  be  able. 
—That  we  be  able. 
-That  I  take. 
-That  we  take. 
—That  I  learn. 
—That  we  learn. 
—That  I  understand. 
—That  we  understand. 
—That  I  want. 
—That  we  want. 
-That  I  do. 
—That  we  do. 
—That  I  undo. 
—That  we  undo. 
-That  I  satisfy. 
—That  we  satisfy. 
—That  I  come. 
—That  we  come. 
—That  I  become. 
—That  we  become. 
—That  I  come  back. 
—That  we  come  back. 


58 

Que  je  previenne  — That  I  inform. 

Que  nous  prevenions  —That  we  inform. 

Que  je  tienne  That  I  hold. 

Que  nous  tenions  That  we  hold. 

Que  je  retienne  —That  I  hold  back. 

Que  nous  retenions  —That  we  hold  back 

Que  j'appartienne  That  I  belong. 

Que  nous  appartenions  •    —That  we  belong. 

Que  je  meure  That  I  die. 

Que  nous  mourions  That  we  die. 

Que  je  m'asseye  —That  I  sit. 

Que  nous  nous  asseyions That  we  sit. 

Que  je  m'en  aille  That  I  go  away. 

Que  nous  nous  en  allions That  we  go  away. 

Que  j'aille  — That  I  go. 

Que  nous  allions  —That  we  go. 

Que  j'envoie  —That  I  send. 

Que  nous  envoyions  —That  we  send. 

Qu'il  y  ait  -That  there  be. 

Qu'il  faille  • That  it  be  necessary. 

Qu'il  pleuve  —That  it  rain. 

VERBS  REFLECTIVE. 

The  verbs  Reflective,  or  so-called  pronominal,  are  conjugated 
with  two  pronouns: 

Je  me  Nous  nous 
Tu  te  Vous  vous 
II se.  Us se. 

The  second  pronoun  is  always  placed  immediately  before  the 
verb,  or  before  the  auxiliary  in  the  compound  tenses.  In  the 
affirmative  Imperative  the  pronouns  are  placed  after  the  verb. 
The  Reflective  verbs  are  conjugated  exactly  like  the  other  verbs. 
In  compound  tenses  they  take  the  auxiliary  fitre. 

Je  me  repose  1  rest  myself. 

Tu  te  reposes  Thou  resteth  thyself. 

II  se  repose  He  rests  himself. 

Nous  nous  reposons We  rest  ourselves. 

Vous  vous  reposez  -  — You  rest  yourself. 

Us  se  reposent  —They  rest  themselves. 


59 


Je  ne  me  repose  pas 

Nous  ne  nous  reposons  pas  - 

Je  me  reposais 

Nous  nous  reposions 

Je  me  suis  repose 

Nous  nous  sommes  reposes  - 

Je  m'etais  repose 

Nous  nous  etions  reposes 

Je  me  reposerai 

Nous  nous  reposerons 

Je  me  reposerais 

Je  me  serais  repos6 

Repose-toi 

Reposons-nous 

Reposez-vous 

Que  je  me  repose 

Que  je  me  sois  repose 


-I  do  not  rest  myself. 

-We  do  not  rest  ourselves. 

-I  was  resting  myself. 

-We  were  resting  ourselves. 

-I  rested  myself. 

-We  rested  ourselves. 

-I  had  rested  myself. 

-We  had  rested  ourselves. 

-I  shall  rest  myself. 

-We  shall  rest  ourselves. 

-I  should  rest  myself. 

-I  should  have  rested  myself. 

-Rest  thyself. 

-Let  us  rest  ourselves. 

-Rest  yourself. 

-That  I  rest  myself. 

-That  I  have  rested  myself. 


S'asseoir — To  sit  down. 


Je  m'assieds 

II  s'assied 

Nous  nous  asseyons 

Vous  vous  asseyez 

Us  s'asseyent 

Je  m'asseyais 

Nous  nous  asseyions 

Vous  vous  etes  assis 

Us  se  sont  assis 

Nous  nous  etions  assis  - 

Je  m'assierai 

Nous  nous  assierons 

Je  me  serai  assis 

Je  m'assierais 

Je  me  serais  assis 

Assieds-toi 

Asseyons-nous 

Asseyez-vous 

Que  je  m'asseye 

Que  je  me  sois  assis 


-I  sit  down. 
-He  sits  down. 
-We  sit  down. 
-You  sit  down. 
-They  sit  down. 
-I  was  sitting  down. 
-We  were  sitting  down. 
-You  sat  down. 
-They  sat  down. 
-We  had  sat  down. 
-I  will  sit  down. 
-We  will  sit  down. 
-I  will  have  sat  down. 
-I  should  sit  down. 
-I  should  have  sat  down. 
-Sit  down   (thou). 
-Let  us  sit  down. 
-Sit  down  (you). 
-That  I  sit  down. 
-That  I  have  sat  down. 


60 

S'en  aller — To  go  away. 

"En"  always  stands  immediately  before  the  verb  except  in  the 
affirmative  Imperative. 

Je  m'en  vais  1  go  away,  I  am  going  away. 

II  s'en  va  He  goes  away,  he  is  going  away. 

Nous  nous  en  allons  —We  go  away,  we  are  going  away. 

Vous  vous  en  allez  You  go  away,  you  are  going  away 

Us  s'en  vont  — They  go  away,  they  are  going  aw; 

Je  m'en  allais  1  was  going  away. 

Nous  nous  en  allions  We  were  going  away. 

Je  m'en  suis  alle  1  went  away. 

Nous  nous  en  sommes  alles We  went  away. 

Je  m'en  etais  alle  1  had  gone  away. 

Je  m'en  irai  —I  shall  go  away. 

Je  m'en  serai  alle  1  shall  have  gone  away. 

Je  m'en  irais  1  would  go  away. 

Je  m'en  serais  alle  1  would  have  gone  away. 

•   Va-t-en  — Go  away    (thou). 

Allons-nous-en  — Let  us  go  away. 

Allez- vous-en  Go  away  (you). 

Que  je  m'en  aille  —That  I  go  away. 

Que  nous  nous  en  allions That  we  go  away. 

Que  je  m'en  sois  alle  —That  I  have  gone  away. 

Conjugate  like  "Se  reposer". 

Se  lever  —To  get  up. 

Se  coucher  —To  lie  down. 

S'habiller  —To  dress  oneself. 

Se  deshabiller To  undress  oneself. 

Se  depecher          — To  hurry. 

Se  baisser  —To  stoop. 

Se  figurer       .  To  imagine. 

S'abaisser  — To  lower  oneself. 

Se  revolter  —To  revolt. 

Se  quereller          —To  quarrel. 

Se  promener     To  take  a  walk. 

S'enfuir  To  run  away  (conj.  like  fuir). 

S'evanouir  —To  faint. 

Se  repentir  —To  repent. 

Se  rejouir  —To  rejoice. 


61 


TENSES   THAT  ARE   NOT  USED   MUCH   IN   CONVERSA- 
TION, BUT  ONLY  IN  READING. 

The  Preterit,  or  so-called  Past  Definite,  expresses  an  action 
completely  past  at  a  definite  time.  It  is  not  used  much  in  con- 
versation, but  in  order  to  have  the  pupils  understand  it  in  their 
reading,  the  following  verbs  are  given: 


Je  fus      1  was. 

Tu  fus     Thou  wast. 

II  fut        He  was. 


Nous  fumes  We  were. 

Vous  futes     You  were. 

Us  furent        They  were. 


J'eus 
Tu  eus 
II  cut 


-I  had. 
-Thou  hast. 
-He  had. 


Nous  eumes 
Vous  eutes 
Us  eurent 


All    the    verbs    ending    in    the    Infinitive    by 
Preterit  in 


-We  had. 
-You  had. 
They  had. 

"er"     end    in    the 


Je     ai. 

Tu    -   —as. 
II      — -a. 

J'allai 
Tu  alias 
II  alia 


Nous 
Vous 
Us 


-ames. 

-ates. 

-erent. 


-I  went. 
-Thou  wentst. 
-He  went. 


Nous  allames 
Vous  allates 
Us  allerent 


We  went. 

You  went. 

They  went. 


The  Verbs  Venir,  Tenir,  and  their  derivatives,  end  in  the  Preterit 
in  "ins". 


Je  vins 
Tu  vins 
II  vint 


-I  came. 
-Thou  earnest. 
-He  came. 


Conjugate   the    same — 

Tenir  —To  hold. 

Retenir  — To  hold  back. 

Appartenir  To  belong  to, 

Venir  To  come. 


Nous  vinmes 
Vous  vintes 
Us  vinrent 


Prevenir 
Convenir 
Devenir 
Intervenir 


-We  came. 
—You  came. 
—They  came. 


-To  inform. 
-To  suit. 
-To  become. 
-To  interfere. 


62 


The  following  Verbs  end  in  the  Preterit  in 


Je     Is. 

Tu       —Is. 
II      It. 

Je  vendis 
Tu  vendis 
II  vendit 
Nous  vendimes 
Vous  vendites 
Us  vendirent 


Nous 
Vous 
Us 


— imes. 

-ites. 

-irent. 


-I  sold. 
-Thou  sold. 
-He  sold. 
-We  sold. 
-You  sold. 
-They  sold. 


Je  sortis 
Je  partis 
J'ouvris 
Je  couvris 
Je  souffris 
Je  dormis 
Je  servis 
J'acquis 
Je  fuis 
Je  finis 
J'agis 

Je  repondis 
Je  perdis 
J'ecrivis 
Je  vis 
Je  dis 
Je  pris 


-I  went  out. 
-I  started. 
-I  opened. 
-I  covered. 
-I  suffered. 
-I  slept. 
-I  served. 
-I  acquired. 
-I  flew. 
-I  finished. 
-I  acted. 
-I  answered. 
-I  lost. 
-I  wrote. 
-I  saw. 
-I  told. 
-I  took. 


Je  fis  1 

Je  battis      1 

Je  vainquis  • 1 

Je  suivis      • 1 

Je  mis          • 1 

Je  promis     1 

Je  craignis  • 1 


Je  pris 
Je  permis 
Je  ris 
Je  mentis 
Je  sentis 
Je  cousis 
Je  compris 
J'appris 
Je  finis 


did,  or  made. 

beated. 

vanquished. 

followed. 

put,  or  put  on. 

promised. 

feared. 

took. 

allowed. 

laughed. 

lied. 

felt. 

sewed. 

understood. 

learned. 

finished. 


The  following  Verbs  end  in  the  Preterit  in  "us" — 

Je     Us.  Nous  umes. 

Tu    Us.  Vous utes. 

II      Ut.  Us       urent. 


Je  lus 
Tu  lus 
II  lut 


-I  read. 
-Thou  readst. 
-He  read. 


Nous  lumes 
Vous  lutes 
I  Is  lurent 


-We  read. 
-You  read. 
-They  read. 


63 

Je  pus  1  could.  Je  courus  —I  ran. 

Je  voulus  1  wanted.  Je  connus  — I  knew. 

Je  plus  1  pleased.  Je  regus  — I  received. 

Je  bus            — I  drank.  J'apergus  — I  perceived. 

Je  crus          —I  believed.  Je  congus  — I  conceived. 

Je  vecus  -    —I  lived.  II  plut  • It  rained. 

Je  sus  1  knew.  II  y  eut          There  was. 

Je  dus            — I  had  to.  II  fallut  —It  was  necessary. 

The  Verbs  J'eus  and  Je  fus  are  also  used  as  auxiliaries,  and  form 
the  Past  Anterior.  The  Past  Anterior  is  generally  used  after 
Quand — When,  or  Lorsque — at  the  time  (that  or  when). 

The  Verbs  which  take  the  Auxiliary  Je  fus  are:  Alle,  sorti,  parti, 
arrive,  entre,  tombe,  descendu,  devenu,  parvenu,  etc. 

Je  fus  venu  —I  had  come.  Nous  fumes  venus — We  had  come. 

Tu  fus  venu— Thou  hadst  come.      Vous  futes  venus  — You  had  come. 
II  fut  venu    —He  had  come.  Us  furent  venus      — They  had  come. 

The  other  Past  Anterior  are  conjugated  with  J'eus. 

J'eus  eu         —I  had  had.  Nous  eumes  eu We  had  had. 

Tu  eus  eu Thou  hadst  had.        Vous  eutes  eu  You  had  had. 

II  eut  eu He  had  had.  Us  eurent  eu         — They  had  had. 

The  Imperfect  of  Subjunctive  is  equivalent  in  English  to  "That 
I  might". 

The  First  Person  singular  of  the  Preterit,  which  always  ends  in 
ai,  is,  us,  ins,  forms  the  Imperfect  of  the  Subjunctive  by  dropping 
the  last  letter  in  all  the  Verbs,  and  adding — 

Je     sse. 

Tu    -   — sses. 
II          — At 

J'allai,  "I  went"  (drop  the  "i"  and  add  "sse"). 

Que  j'allasse  — That  I  might  go. 

Qu'il  allat  —That  he  might  go. 

Que  nous  allassions         —That  we  might  go. 


64 

Que  vous  allassiez  That  you  might  go. 

Qu'ils  allassent  That  they  might  go. 

Que  je  vendisse  —That  I  might  sell. 

Qu'il  vendit  —That  he  might  sell. 

Que  nous  vendissions That  we  might  sell. 

Que  vous  vendissiez  -   — That  you  might  sell. 
Qu'ils  vendissent  — That  they  might  sell. 

Que  je  vinsse  That  I  might  come. 

Que  nous  vinssions  That  we  might  come. 

Que  je  visse  — That  I  might  see. 

Que  nous  vissions  —That  we  might  see. 

Que  j'eusse  —That  I  might  have. 

Que  tu  eusses  —That  he  might  have. 

Qu'il  cut  That  he  might  have. 

Que  nous  eussions  —That  we  might  have. 

Que  nous  eussiez  —That  you  might  have. 

Qu'ils  eussent  — That  they  might  have. 

Que  je  fusse  —That  I  might  be. 

Qu'il  fut  —That  he  might  be. 

Que  nous  fussions  That  we  might  be. 

Que  vous  fussiez  — That  you  might  be. 

Qu'ils  fussent  —That  they  might  be. 

Que  j'eusse  and  Que  je  fusse  form  also  the  Pluperfect  of  the 
Subjunctive  when  they  are  followed  by  a  Past  Participle.  That 
tense  is  equivalent  to:  That  I  might  have. 

Que  j'eusse  vu  —That  I  might  have  seen. 

Qu'il  cut  vu  — That  he  might  have  seen. 

Que  nous  eussions  vu  That  we  might  have  seen. 

Que  vous  eussiez  vu  — That  you  might  have  seen. 

Qu'ils  eussent  vu  —That  they  might  have  seen. 

Que  je  fusse  alle  —That  I  might  have  gone. 

Qu'il  fut  alle  — That  he  might  have  gone. 

Que  nous  fussions  alles  — That  we  might  have  gone. 

Que  vous  fussiez  alles  —That  you  might  have  gone. 

Qu'ils  fussent  alles  That  they  might  have  gone. 


65 

LES  SEPT  JOURS  DE  LA  SEMAINE— THE  DAYS  OF  THE 

WEEK. 

Lundi  Monday.  Vendredi 

Mardi  Tuesday  Samedi 

Mercredi  Dimanche    Sunday. 

Jeudi 

On  before  the  days  of  the  week  is  in  French  Le:   Le  Lundi 

On  Monday,  etc. 

LES  DOUZE  MOIS  DE  L'ANNEE— THE  TWELVE  MONTHS 
OF  THE  YEAR. 

Janvier  Juillet 

Fevrier  Aout 

Mars  Septembre 

Avril  Octobre 

Mai  Novembre 

Juin  Decembre 

In  before   the  months   is   in    French   En:    En  Janvier,   In  Jan- 
uary, etc. 

LES  QUATRE    SAISONS— THE  FOUR  SEASONS. 

Le  printemps  —The  Spring. 

L'ete  The  Summer. 

L'automne  The  Autumn. 

L'hiver  — The  Winter. 

In  before  the  seasons  is  in  French  En,  except  Au  printemps. 

LES  NOMBRES. 

Un                  1.  Neuf  —9. 

Deux  2.  Dix  10. 

Trois  3.  Onze  11. 

Quatre  4.  Douze  12. 

Cinq                 5.  Treize  —13. 

Six  6.  Quatorze         14. 

Sept  — 7.  Quinze  —15. 

Huit  8.  Seize  16. 


66 


Dix-sept 

Dix-huit 

Dix-neuf 

Vingt 

Vingt  et  un    — 

Vingt-deux 

Vingt-trois 

Vingt-quatre  — 

Vingt-cinq       — 

Vingt-six 

Vingt-sept 

Vingt-huit 

Vingt-neuf 

Trente 

Trente  et  un  • — 

Trente-deux 

Trente-trois 

Quarante 

Quarante  et  un 

Quarante-deux 

Cinquante 

Cinquante  et  un 

Cinquante-deux 

The  ordinal  numbers  are: 


-17. 
-18. 
-19. 
-20. 
-21. 
-22. 
-23. 
-24. 
-25. 
-26. 
-27. 
-28. 
-29. 
-30. 
-31. 


Premier 

Second 

Deuxieme 


-First. 

-Second. 

-Second. 


Soixante 

Soixante  et  un 

Soixante-deux 

Soixante-dix 

Soixante  et  onze 

Soixante-douze 

Soixante-treize 

Soixante-quatorze 

Soixante-quinze 

Soixante-seize 

Soixante-dix-sept 

Soixante-dix-huit 

Soixante-dix-neuf 

Quatre-vingts 

Quatre-vingt-un 

Quatre-vingt-deux 

Quatre-vingt-dix 

Quatre-vingt-onze 


80. 


• 82. 

—90. 

91. 

Quatre-vingt-douze 92. 

Cent                               —100. 
Mille                             -1000. 
Million  1,000,000. 


Troisieme      Third. 

Quatrieme         — Fourth. 
Cinquieme         — Fifth,  etc. 


The  date  of  the  month  is  expressed  in  French  by  the  cardinal 
numbers,  except  the  first  (le  premier) : 

Le  premier  Janvier  —The  1st  of  January. 

Le  deux  Janvier 
Le  trois  Janvier,  etc. 


LA  MONNAIE. 


Un  billet  de  banque 
Un  cheque 
Un  centime 


-A  greenback. 

-A  check. 

-The  fifth  part  of  .one  cent. 


67 

Cinq  centimes  — One  cent. 

Un  sou  — One  cent. 

Une  piece  de  dix  centimes      Two  cents. 

Cinquante  centimes  —Ten  cents. 

Cinquante  centimes  — Un  demi-franc. 

Un  franc  — About  twenty  cents. 

Cinq  francs  — About  one  dollar. 

Dix  francs  — About  two  dollars. 

Cinquante  francs  Ten  dollars. 


CONVERSATION. 

Bonjour Good  morning,  good  day. 

Monsieur Sir,  Mr. 

Madame Mrs.  or  Madam. 

Mademoiselle Miss. 

Bon  soir,'  Monsieur Good  evening,  Sir. 

Bonne  nuit,  Madame Good  night,  Madame. 

Comment  allez-vous? How  are  you? 

Je  vais  bien,  merci 1  am  well,  thanks. 

Je  suis  tres  bien 1  am  very  well. 

Et  vous? And  you? 

Je  vais  tres  bien,  aussi,  merci 1  am  very  well,  too,  thanks. 

Comment  est  Monsieur  votre  pere? How  is  your  father? 

Comment  est  Madame  votre  mere? How  is  your  mother? 

Comment  est  Mademoiselle  votre  soeur? How  is  your  sister? 

Venez  avec  moi Come  with  me. 

Pouvez-vous  venir  avec  moi? Can  you  come  with  me? 

Bien  volontiers Very  willingly. 

Avec  grand  plaisir With  great  pleasure. 

Ou  allez-vous? Where  are  you  going? 

Je  vais  au  pare,  au  concert,  au  theatre,  au  bal,  au  restaurant, 
a  1'hotel,  a  1'ecole,  a  1'eglise,  etc. 

S'il  vous  plait If  you  please. 

Venez  avec  moi 

Je  le  regrette  beaucoup 1  am  very  sorry. 

J'ai  un  rendez-vous  a  deux  heures 1  have  to  meet  some  one 

.at  2  o'clock. 


68 

Asseyez-vous Sit  down. 

Faites  comme  chez  vous Make  yourself  at  home. 

6tez  votre  chapeau,  votre  manteau Take  off  your  hat,  your 

coat. 

Restez,  je  vous  prie Stay,  I  beg  you. 

Je  suis  si  heureuse  de  vous  voir 1  am  so  happy  to  see  you. 

Je  suis  enchante  de  faire  votre  connaissance 1  am  delighted 

to  meet  you,  or  I  am  pleased  to  meet  you. 

fites-vous  fatigue? Are  you  tired? 

Reposez-vous Rest  yourself. 

Asseyez-vous Sit  down. 

Avez-vous  faim? Are  you  hungry? 

Oui,  Madame,  j'ai  faim Yes,  Madam,  I  am  hungry. 

Avez-vous  soif? Are  you  thirsty? 

Oui,  j'ai  soif 1  am  thirsty. 

.Quelle  heure  est-il? What  time  is  it? 

£tes-vous  pret? Are  you  ready? 

Depechez-vous Hurry  up. 

Je  suis  tres  occupe  et  tres  presse 1  am  very  busy  and  very 

much  in  a  hurry. 

Ouvrez  la  porte  et  la  fenetre Open  the  door  and  the  window. 

Aerez Air. 

Taisez-vous Don't  talk. 

Restez  tranquille Keep  quiet. 

A  quoi  bon? What  is  the  use? 

Merci  bien Many  thanks. 

II  n'y  a  pas  de  quoi Don't  mention  it. 


69 

EXERCISES  AND  VOCABULARY. 

Le The  (m).  Le  pere  —The  father. 

La The  (f).  La  mere         The  mother. 

L*    The  (before  a  vowel  Les  enfants   The  children. 

or  a  silent  h.)  L'enfant  — The  child. 

Les The  (pi).  Un  homme    A  man. 

Un One,  or  a,  or  an  (m).  Des  hommes Some  men. 

Une One,  or  a,  or  an  (f).  Une  femme   A  woman. 

Des Some  (pi).  Des  femmes Some  women. 

Most  French  nouns  take  an  s  in  the  plural.  That  s  is  never 
pronounced. 

PARLER. 

La  fille  The  girl,  or  daughter  (fee). 

Le  gargon  The  boy,  or  waiter. 

Le  frere  — The  brother  (frair). 

La  soeur  —The  sister  (sir). 

Qui  —Who  (key). 

A  Has  (ah). 

Est  Is  (pron.  like  e  in  set). 

De  From,  or  of. 

A  — To,  or  at. 

Petit  —Small,  little. 

Aussi  Also,  ot  too. 

Sont  — Are. 

1.  Qui  est  la  petite  fille  qui  parle  a  Paul? 

2.  La  petite  fille  qui  parle  a  Paul  est  Marie. 

3.  Qui  est  Marie? 

4.  Marie  est  la  petite  soeur  de  Paul. 

5.  Qui  est  Paul? 

6.  Paul  est  le  frere  de  Marie. 

7.  Le  pere  de  Paul  est  aussi  le  pere  de  Marie. 

8.  La  mere  de  Paul  aussi  la  mere  de  Marie. 

II.  Who  is  Mary?  Mary  is  a  little  girl;  she  is  the  sister  of 
Paul.  Mary  has  a  brother;  she  also  has  a  father  and  a  mother. 
Paul  speaks  to  Mary.  Wrho  is  the  sister  of  Paul?  Mary  is  the 
little  sister  of  Paul.  Paul  and  Mary  are  two  small  children. 


70 

Adjectives  agree  in  number  and  in  gender  with  the  noun  modi- 
fied. The  plural  is  formed  by  adding  an  s  and  the  feminine  is 
formed  by  adding  an  e  to  the  masculine  singular.  Adjectives  end- 
ing in  e  do  not  change. 

MARCHER. 

Anglais  — English. 

Ce  —This,  or  that  (m). 

Get  This,  or  that  before  a  vowel  or  a  silent  h. 

Cette  —This,  or  that  (f). 

Ces  — These,  or  those  (pi). 

Ce  cousin-ci  — This  cousin  (m). 

Cette  cousine-la       — That  cousin  (f). 
Cet  homme-ci  —This  man. 

Avec  With. 

Gentil  (m)  Nice,  sweet. 

Gentille  (f)  Nice,  sweet. 

Mais  - — But. 

La  bonne  —The  maid,  the  nurse. 

Bon  Good  (m). 

Bonne  Good  (f)  (bun). 

Cette  personne-la That  person. 

Frangais,  frangaise French. 

I.  Qui  est  cette   personne   qui   marche   avec   ces   deux  gentils 
petits  enfants?     Cette  personne  qui  marche  avec  ces  deux  petits 
enfants  est  la  bonne.     Est-elle  frangaise?     Oui,  elle  est  franchise 
et  elle  parle  franc. ais  a  Paul;  mais  elle  parle  anglais  a  Jules  qui 
est  le  cousin  de  Paul,  et  a  Alice,  qui  est  la  petite  cousine  de  Paul. 
Paul  a  un  cousin  et  une  cousine  il  a  aussi  une  gentille  petite  soeur. 

II.  Paul  is  the  cousin  of  Jules;  he  has  a  little  sister,  who  is  also 
the  cousin  of  Jules.     The  sister  of  Jules  is  the  cousin  of  Paul  and 
of  Mary.     The  four  (4)  little  children  walk  with  the  nurse.     The 
nurse,   who   is    French,    speaks    French    to   the   four    (4)    children, 
but  the  children  speak  English  to  the  nurse. 

II  faut  que  — It  is  necessary  that. 
Faut-il  que  — Is  it  necessary  that? 
II  ne  faut  pas  que It  is  not  necessary  that. 


71 

DRILL  ON  THE  VERBS. 

I.  I  am  speaking.    2.  I  do  speak.    3.  I  speak.    4.  I  was  speaking. 
5.  I  used  to  speak.     6.  Let  us  speak.     7.  Speak.     8.  By  speaking. 
9.  To  speak.    10.  I  must  speak.     11.  We  are  speaking.    12.  We  were 
speaking.     13.   We  used  to  speak.     14.     We  must  speak  or  it  is 
necessary  that  we  speak. 

QUITTER. 

Merci  Thanks. 

Content Pleased,  glad. 

Un  fruit  A  fruit. 

Une  pomme  An  apple. 

Rouge  — Red. 

Pour  For. 

Dit  Says,  or  tells. 

Dans  In,  or  into. 

La  chambre  The  room. 

Beau  Beautiful  (m). 

Belle  • Beautiful  (f). 

La  porte  The  door. 

J'ai  un  beau  fruit  pour  vous  dit  Paul  en  entrant  dans  la  chambre 
de  la  petite  soeur  qui  est  a  table  et  dejeune.  II  montre  le  fruit  et 
presente  a  Marie  une  belle  pomme  rouge.  Marie  est  tres  contente; 
elle  accepte  la  pomme  et  dit  merci.  Paul  quitte  la  chambre  et 
ferme  la  porte. 

II.  Paul  speaks  to  the  little  sister  who  is  crying.     He  has  an 
apple  and  he  gives  the  apple  to  Mary.     The  little  girl  admires  the 
beautiful  red  fruit.     She  is  very  glad  and   plays  with  the  apple. 
She  says:  "Thanks"  to  Paul. 

Note. — Names  of  colors  follow  the  nouns  they  qualify. 

Bel — beautiful — is  used  before  a  masculine  noun  beginning  with 

a  vowel  or  a  silent  h:  Un  bel  homme A  handsome  man. 

II  faut  que  je          1  must. 

II  faut  qu'il  —He  must. 

II  faut  que  nous  — We  must. 

II  faut  que  vous  — You  must. 

II  faut  qu'ils  —They  must. 

The  word  fruit  is  made  plural  by  adding  s  when  more  than  one 
is  expressed:  Un  fruit,  deux  fruits,  des  fruits some  fruit. 


72 
DEMANDER. 

Grand  Big  and  tall. 

A  present  At  present. 

Oui  Yes  (wee). 

Non  No. 

Ob  jet  —Object  (thing). 

Le  couteau  The  knife. 

La  main  The  hand. 

Le  bonbon  The  candy. 

S'il  vous  plait  If  you  please. 

Tres  Very. 

I.  Marie  desire  le  couteau  de  Paul.    Elle  demande  ce  couteau; 
mais  Paul  qui  a  present  est  un  grand  gargon  refuse.     Un  couteau 
est  un  objet  dangereux  dans  les  mains  d'un  petit  enfant.     Marie 
crie  et  pleure.     Paul  chante  et  danse  pour  amuser  1'enfant;  mais 
elle  continue  a  pleurer.  Paul,  donnez  des  bonbons  a  la  petite  soeur. 

II.  Mary  cries  and  Paul  enters  (into)  the  room  and  gives  some 
candy  to  the  little  girl.     "Don't  cry,  Mary,"  he  says,  "I  have  some 
candy   for  you.      She   likes    fruit,   but  she  likes   candy  also.     She 
wanted  (was  wishing)  some  candy  and  she  was  crying. 


GRONDER. 

Va  Goes,  or  is  going. 

II  va  He  is  going. 

A  1'ecole  —To  school. 

ficolier  A  scholar  (m). 

Une  ecoliere  A  scholar  (f). 

Le  livre  The  book. 

Le  cahier  A  copy-book. 

Autre  —Other. 

Quand  —When. 

Une  explication Explanation. 

Sur  On,  or  upon. 

Apres  After. 

Le  maitre  (m)         —Teacher. 

La  maitresse  (f) The  teacher. 

Pourquoi  —Why. 


73 


Nouns  ending  in  tion  are  always  feminine  and  have  the  pronunci- 
ation of  cion. 

Paul  va  a  Tecole;  il  va  a  Tecole  publique.  II  porte  des  livres, 
des  crayons  et  un  cahier.  II  est  tres  attentif;  il  est  un  tres  bon 
ecolier.  II  ne  parle  pas  avec  les  autres  gargons  quand  le  maitre 
donne  des  explications  sur  la  legon.  Apres  1'ecole  Paul  a  une 
legon  de  violon;  il  a  aussi  une  legon  de  frangais.  II  parle  fran- 
gais  a  la  maitresse  de  frangais;  il  parle  aussi  frangais  a  la  bonne. 

II.  The  teacher  (f)  does  not  scold  the  scholars  who  are  atten- 
tive. She  scolds  the  pupils  who  are  not  attentive.  The  teacher 
was  scolding  Louis  because  she  thought  he  was  talking  when  she 
was  giving  the  lesson.  The  teacher  is  going  to  keep  Louis  after 
school.  Why  was  he  talking?  He  was  not  talking;  he  was  re- 
citing the  French  verbs. 


PORTER. 

Ami  (m)  Friend. 

Amie  (f)  — Friend. 

Pour  —For. 

Pour  qui  — For  whom. 

Est-ce  — Is  it  (pron.  ess)  ? 

La  boite  — The  box. 

Les  bonbons  —The  candy. 

Malade  —Sick. 

Al'hopital  — In  the  hospital. 

Bien  —Well  (before  an  adjective — very). 

Bien  triste  —Very  sad. 

Parce  que  — Because. 

Le  docteur  — The  doctor. 

I.  Pour  qui  est  cette  belle  boite  de  bonbons,  demande  Paul  a 
sa   mere.     Est-ce  moi?     Non,   mon   enfant,   les   bonbons  ne   sont 
pas  pour  vous,  dit  la  maman.     Us  sont  pour  le  petit  cousin  Jules. 
Sa  mere  est  malade  a  Thopital  et  Jules  est  bien  triste. 

II.  Jules  is  sad  because  his  (sa)  mother  is  not  well.     Where  is 
she?     She  is  in  the  hospital,  and  the  doctor  says  that  she  is  very 
sick.      Paul,    please,    bring    this    box    of    candy    to    Jules.      He    is 
your  (votre)  friend;  he  is  your  cousin,  and  he  is  very  sad. 


74 
POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS. 

Masculine  Feminine                  Plural 

My  Mon  Ma  Mes 

Thy  ton  Ta  Tes 

His  or  her  Son  Sa  Ses 

Our  Notre  Notre  Nos 

Your  Votre  Votre  Vos 

Their  Leur  Leur  Leurs 

Son  and  Sa  take  the  gender  of  the  noun  which  follows  them: 
Son  mari Her  husband;  Sa  femme His  wife. 

Mon,  ton  and  son  are  also  used  before  a  feminine  noun  begin- 
ning with  a  vowel  or  a  silent  h:  Mon  amie My  friend  (f);  Son 

habitude His  habit. 

Bonjour  Good  morning,  good  day. 

Le  salon  —The  parlor. 

Impatient  — Impatient. 

Le  jardin  —The  garden. 

Au  revoir  — Goodbye. 

Que  —That. 

Deux  — Two. 

Une  legon  de  musique A  music  lesson. 

Jouer  du  violon  —To  play  on  the  violin. 

Jouer  du  piano  —To  play  on  the  piano. 

Jouer  aux  cartes  —To  play  cards. 

Qui  est  ce  Monsieur  qui  est  dans  le  salon?  C'est  le  maitre  de 
violon.  II  est  impatient  et  demande  Paul  pour  sa  legon.  Ou 
est-il?  Je  pense  que  Paul  est  dans  le  jardin.  La  bonne  entre  dans 
le  jardin  et  dit  a  Paul  qui  joue  avec  deux  autres  gargons.  Votre 
maitre  de  violon  est  dans  le  salon.  P.  n'est  pas  content;  il  dit 
au  revoir,  quitte  ses  amis  et  entre  dans  le  salon. 

Write  the  above  exercise,  placing  the  verbs  in  the  Imperfect 
Tense. 


75 

Midi  —Noon.  Le  repas  —The  meal. 

II  est  midi      — It  is  noon.  Remercier  — To  thank. 

Le  chapeau The  hat.  Le  bon  Dieu  — God. 

Le  vestibule The  hall.  La  salle  a  manger — The  dining 

Avant  Before.  room. 

Paul  retourne  de  1'ecole;  il  est  midi.  II  entre  dans  le  vestibule; 
ote  son  chapeau  et  dejeune.  II  prie  avant  les  repas,  il  prie  aussi 
apres  les  repas.  Pourquoi  prie-t-il?  II  prie  pour  remercier  le 
bon  Dieu.  Apres  le  dejeuner,  Paul  quitte  la  salle  a  manger  et 
retourne  a  1'ecole. 

Write  the  above  exercise,  putting  all  the  verbs  in  the  plural. 
Paul  et  Jules  retournent,  etc. 


AVOIR. 

Drill  on  the  verb:  , 

1.  He  has.  2.  He  is  having.  3.  He  had,  4.  He  was  having. 
5.  He  used  to  have.  6.  He  will  have.  7.  He  shall  have.  8.  He 
would  have.  9.  He  should  have.  10.  Let  us  have.  11.  Have. 
12.  Having.  13.  I  must  have.  14.  We  have.  15.  We  are  having. 
16.  We  were  having.  17.  We  used  to  have.  18.  We  will  have. 
19.  We  would  have.  20.  We  must  have.  21.  We  have.  22.  We  are 
having.  23.  We  do  have.  24.  They  have.  25.  They  are  having. 
26.  They  were  having.  27.  They  used  to  have.  28.  They  shall 
have.  29.  They  will  have.  30.  They  would  have.  31.  They  must 
have. 

OUVRIR. 


La  sonnette 
La  sonnette  sonne 
A  la  maison 
Chez  moi 
Chez  lui 
Chez  elle 
Chez  nous 
Chez  vous 
Chez  eux 
Chez  elles 

T.a    rarf** 

The  bell. 

J.  ne  Dell  rings*. 
At  home. 
At  my  home. 
At  his  home. 

J\L  ner  nome. 

—  At  your  home. 
At  their  home  (m). 
—  At  their  home  (f). 

TVi^    rirA 

76 

La  sonnette  sonne.  Ouvrez  la  porte,  s'il  vous  plait.  Qui  est-ce? 
La  bonne  ouvre  la  porte.  Une  dame  demande.  "Est-ce  que  Madame 
Leroi  est  chez  elle?"  La  visiteuse  entre  dans  le  vestibule  et  dans 
le  salon,  et  presente  une  carte  que  la  bonne  porte  a  sa  maitresse. 

Write  the  above  exercise  in  English  and  read  it  in  French  at 
the  next  lesson. 

LIRE. 

Write  in  English  the  different  meanings: 

1.  Nous  lisons  2.  Nous  lisions 

3.  Lisons  4.  Nous  lirons 

5.  Nous  lirons  6.  Ne  lisez  pas 

7.  En  lisant  8.  II  faut  que  nous  lisions 

Write  in  French: 

1.  Do  you  read?  2.  Are  you  reading?  3.  Were  you  reading? 
4.  Will  you  read?  5.  Shall  you  read?  6.  Would  you  read?  7.  Should 
you  read?  8.  You  must  read.  9.  By  reading.  10.  To  read.  11.  Do 
not  read. 

SORTIR. 

L'apres-midi  — In  the  afternoon. 

Get  apres-midi  —This  afternoon. 

Le  matin  In  the  morning. 

Ce  matin  This  morning. 

fitait  —Was. 

II  etait  — He  was. 

II  veut  He  wants. 

Tous  les  —Every. 

Tous  les  jours  — Every  day. 

Tous  les  deux  jours Every  other  day. 

Seulement  — Only. 

Toutes  les  semaines Every  week. 

Avec  lui  — With  him. 

Assez  — Enough,  or  pretty. 

On  — One,  or  they,  or  people,  before  a  verb. 

Le  docteur  veut  que  Paul  sorte  tous  les  jours.  II  sortira  cet 
apres-midi  et  je  sortirai  avec  lui.  II  n'etait  pas  bien  parce  qu'il  ne 
sortait  pas  assez.  II  sortait  seulement  tous  les  deux  jours.  Ce 
n'est  pas  assez.  II  faut  qu'on  sorte  tous  les  jours. 


77 

Drill  on  the  verb: 

1.  They  go  out.     2.   They  are  going  out.     3.  They  do  go  out. 

They  were  going  out.  5.  They  used  to  go  out.  6.  They  will  go 
ut.  ?.  They  shall  go  out.  8.  They  would  go  out.  9.  Let  us  go 
ut.  10.  Go  out.  11.  Do  not  go  out.  12.  By  going  out.  13.  They 
iust  go  out. 


THE  OBJECTIVE  PRONOUNS. 

The  objective  pronouns  are  always  placed  immediately  before 
le  verb  or  before  the  auxiliary  except  in  the  Affirmative  Im- 
erative. 

Me  is  in  English  me  or  to  me. 

Te  thee  or  to  thee. 

Nous  us  or  to  us. 

Vous  you  or  to  you. 

Le  or  P  him  or  it. 

La  or  P  her  or  it. 

Les  them 

Lui  to  him,  to  it. 

Lui  to  her,  to  it. 

Leur  to  them. 

En  some  or  of  it. 

Y  there. 

For  example: 

Je  vous  aime  1  like  or  love  you. 

Je  Palme  1  like  him. 

Je  Paime  1  like  her. 

Je  les  aime  1  like  them. 

M'aimez-vous?  Do  you  like  me? 

Nous  aimez-vous? Do  you  like  us? 

J'en  ai  — I  have  some. 

Nous  en  desirons         — We  wish  some. 

J'y  vais  1  go  there. 

Y  allez-vous?  Are  you  going  there  ? 


78 
PARTIR. 

VOCABULARY. 

Heure  O'clock,  or  hour. 

A  quelle  heure?  At  what  time? 

Quelle  heure  est-il?          — What  time  is  it? 

II  est  trois  heures  et  demie It  is  half-past  3. 

Demi  Half. 

Un  quart  A  quarter  (car). 

Une  minute  A  minute. 

Moins  Less. 

A  temps  On  time. 

A  la  gare  At  the  station. 

Si  If,  or  so. 

Quatre  heures  moins  un  quart A  quarter  of  4. 

Quatre  heures  et  un  quart  — A  quarter  past  4. 

AujourcThui  — Today. 

Demain  Tomorrow. 

Hier  —Yesterday. 

Le  train  partait  autrefois  a  deux  heures.  A  present,  il  part  a 
deux  heures  et  demie.  Si  vous  partez  a  deux  heures  dix;  vous 
arriverez  a  temps  a  la  gare.  Ne  partez  pas  aujourd'hui;  partez 
demain;  nous  partirons  ensemble.  Je  le  regrette  beaucoup,  chere 
amie,  il  faut  que  je  parte  cet  apres-midi. 

Write  the  above  exercise,  placing  the  verbs  in  the  plural. 

DORMIR. 

Tout  le  —The  whole  (m). 

Toutela  —The  whole   (f). 

Jeune  Young. 

Minuit  — Midnight. 

Hier  soir  Last  night,  last  evening. 

Hier  matin  Yesterday  morning. 

Demain  soir  Tomorrow  night. 


79 

I       La  nuit                   —The  night. 
Tous  les  soirs     Every  night. 
Ou                         Or. 

Ce  jeune  homme  ne  dort  pas;  il  travaille  tout  le  jour  et  sort 
tous  les  soirs.  II  part  apres  le  diner  et  retourne  a  minuit  ou  a 
une  heure  du  matin,  et  il  lit  le  reste  de  la  nuit.  Ce  jeune  homme 
est  Paul.  II  est  malade  et  est  fatigue  le  matin.  Paul  ne  sortira  pas 
ce  soir  il  ne  lira  pas  dans  son  lit,  il  dormira  toute  la  nuit. 

Write  the  above  exercise,  placing  the  verbs  in  the  Imperfect 
Tense. 

NEGATIVE  FORMS. 

The  usual  negative  form  of  the  verb  is  expressed  by  ne  .  .  .  pas. 
There  are,  however,  other  negative  forms,  as  given  below: 

Ne  .  .  .  pas  — Not. 

Ne  .  .  .  plus  — Any  more,  no  longer. 

Ne  .  .  .  jamais        — Never. 

Ne  .  .  .  point          — Not  at  all. 

Ne  .  .  .  guere  Scarcely,  hardly. 

Ne  .  .  .  que  — But  (equivalent  to  only). 

Ne  .  .  .  aucun  Any. 

Ne  .  .  .  rien  — Nothing,  anything. 

Ne  .  .  .  persone Nobody,  any  one,  anybody. 

Je  n'aime  pas  1  do  not  like. 

Je  n'aime  rien  —I  do  not  like  anything. 

Je  n'aime  guere  —I  like  but  very  little. 

Je  n'aime  plus  — I  do  not  like  any  more. 

Je  n'aime  persone  — I  do  not  like  anybody. 

Je  n'aime  que  vous  — I  like  but  you. 

Je  n'aime  aucun  —I  like  none. 

Write  the  verb  detester — to  hate — in  all  the  negative  forms. 

SERVIR  ET  MENTIR. 

Une  tasse  de  the  — A  cup  of  tea. 

Une  tasse  de  cafe  A  cup  of  coffee. 

De  la  tarte  Some  pie. 

Du  gateau  — Some  cake. 


80 

Honnete  Honest. 

Cher  Dear,  or  expensive. 

Bon  marche  Cheap,  or  reasonable. 

Le  diner  The  dinner. 

Le  second  dejeuner  The  lunch. 

La  domestiqque  sert  a  table  a  tous  les  repas;  le  dejeuner,  le 
second  dejeuner  et  le  diner.  A  quatre  heures,  elle  sert  le  the  ou 
le  cafe  avec  de  la  tarte  ou  des  gateaux.  Elle  est  tres-honnete  et 
ne  ment  jamais.  Ne  mentez  jamais,  mon  enfant.  Non  maman,  je 
ne  mentirai  plus. 

Drill: 

1.  She  used  to  wait  on  the  table.  2.  She  waits  on  the  table. 
3.  She  will  wait  on  the  table.  4.  She  would  wait  on  the  table. 
5.  She  does  not  lie.  6.  He  was  lying.  7.  Don't  lie.  8.  Let  us  not 
lie.  9.  By  not  lying.  10.  She  would  lie.  11.  She  will  lie. 


FINIR. 

Toujours  —Always,  or  all  the  time. 

Le  devoir  —The  duty. 

Remplir  —To  fulfill. 

Un  travail  — A  work. 

Un  travailleur  A  worker. 

C'est  tres  mal  — It  is  bad,  or  wicked. 

Je  regrette  heaucoup    -  — I  am  very  sorry. 

Des  changes  generally  into  de  before  a  qualifying  adjective: 
De  bons  amis  — Some  good  friends. 

De  bons  livres  — Some  good  books. 

Vous  ne  finissez  jamais  un  travail  commence.  C'e'st  tr£s-mal. 
Vous  ne  reussissez  pas  parce  que  vous  ne  trayaillez  pas  assez.  Tra- 
vaillez  et  vous  reussirez.  Choisissez  toujours  de  bons  livres  et  de 
bons  amis.  Remplissez  bien  votre  devoir  et  vous  vous  rejouirez 
quand  le  soir  arrivera. 

Drill: 

1.  Do  you  finish?  2.  Are  you  finishing?  3.  Were  you  finishing? 
4.  You  used  to  finish.  5.  You  will  finish.  6.  You  would  finish. 
7.  Finish.  8.  Let  us  finish.  9.  By  finishing.  10.  I  must  finish. 
11.  We  must  finish.  12.  Must  we  finish?  13.  Was  he  finishing? 
14.  Does  he  finish?  15.  Will  he  finish?  16.  Would  he  finish? 


La  campagne 

Les  plaisirs 

Par 

La  vie 

Tricoter 

Mai 

Mauvais 

Heureux 

Malheureux 


81 

COUDRE. 

-The  country. 

-The  pleasures. 

-By. 

-The  life. 

-To  knit. 

-Badly. 

-Bad. 

-Happy. 

-Unhappy. 


Adjectives  ending  in  x  change  the  x  to  se  in  the  feminine.  After 
an  Adjective  or  a  Past  Participle  de  is  generally  used: 

Fatigue  de          —It  is  tired  of. 
Heureuse  de Happy. 

La  maman  de  Paul  est  fatiguee  de  plaisirs,  de  dejeuners,  de  parties 
de  cartes,  de  diners,  de  bals  et  de  soirees.  Elle  a  accepte  I'invita- 
tion  de  son  amie  qui  habite  la  campagne  et  elle  partira  par  le 
premier  train  lundi  matin.  Son  amie  a  une  vie  tres  active:  elle  coud 
pour  les  petits  orphelins  et  elle  est  heureuse  en  s'oubliant  elle- 
meme  et  en  travaillant  pour  les  autres. 

Write  the  above  exercise,  placing  the  verbs  in  the  Future  Tense. 


C'est 

Est-ce? 

Ce  n'est  pas 

N'est-ce  pas? 

C'etait 

fitait-ce? 

N'etait-ce  pas? 

Ce  sera 

Sera-ce? 

Ce  serait 

Serait-ce? 

C'est  juste 

C'est  vrai 

C'est  assez 


£TRE. 

-It  is. 
-Is  it? 
-It  is  not. 
-Is  it  not? 
-It  was. 
-Was  it? 
-Was  it  not? 
-It  will  be. 
-Will  it  be? 
-It  would  be. 
-Would  it  be? 
-It  is  right. 
-It  is  true. 
-That  is  enough. 


82 

C'est  beaucoup  —It  is  a  great  deal. 

C'est  tout  — That  is  all. 

O'est  ainsi  —That  is  it. 

C'est  ainsi  —That  is  so,  or  that  is  the  way. 

C'est  comme  cela  — It  is  like  that. 

Est-ce  tout?  —Is  that  all? 

Un  homme  est  dans  le  jardin.  Qui  est-ce?  Est-ce  le  jardinier? 
Je  ne  pense  pas  que  c'est  le  jardinier.  II  marche  sur  la  pelouse 
(lawn).  Regardez  qui  c'est.  Qui  etes-vous?  Je  suis  le  facteur 
(postman)  est-ce  que  Madame  est  chez  elle?  Non,  elle  n'est  pas 
chez  elle  (at  home)  elle  sera  ici  demain?  Ou  est-elle?  Elle  est  a  la 
campagne. 

fiCRIRE. 

Du  matin  au  soir         — From  morning  till  night. 

Hier  —Yesterday. 

Comment  — How. 

Combien  — How  much,  or  how  many? 

Les  fleurs  —The  flowers. 

Promis  — Promised. 

Tient  —Holds,  or  keeps. 

Chaque  —Each. 

Temps  —Time. 

Fois  — Times. 

Une  fois  — Once. 

Deux  fois  Twice. 

Trois  fois  —Three  times. 
Combien  de  fois          — How  many  times? 

Les  deux  amies  sont  tres  heureuses.  Elles  sont  occupees  du 
matin  au  soir.  Madame  Leroi  a  promis  a  son  mari  de  lui  ecrire 
chaque  jour  et  elle  tient  sa  promesse:  elle  lui  a  ecrit  hier,  elle 
lui  ecrira  cet  apres-midi  elle  lui  dira  comment  elle  occupe  son 
temps  et  combien  elle  aime  la  campagne,  les  fleurs  et  la  verdure. 

Drill: 

1.  Does  she  write  every  day?  2.  Yes,  she  does  write.  3.  She 
wrote  yesterday;  she  is  writing  now,  and  she  will  write  tomorrow. 
4.  Don't  write.  5.  I  must  write.  6.  He  wants  me  to  write.  7.  To 
whom  are  you  writing?  8.  I  write  to  my  husband,  . 


83 

DIRE  ET  RIRE. 

Le  bureau  —The  office. 

De  suite  — Right  away. 

Les  vetements  — The  clothes. 

Bien  chaud  — Very  warm. 

Les  has  —The  stockings. 

Tout  fait  — Ready  made. 

Quand  M.  Leroi  retournera  a  son  bureau  demain  matin,  il  trou- 
vera  la  lettre  de  sa  femme:  il  1'ouvrira  de  suite  et  sourira  en  lisant 
qu'elle  coud,  tricote,  travaille  du  matin  au  soir.  II  repondra 
de  suite:  "Ne  travaillez  pas  trop:  reposez-vous:  sortez  beaucoup. 
Ne  cousez  plus,  ne  tricotez  plus.  Achetez  les  vetements  et  donnez- 
les  aux  pauvres..  Us  sont  nos  freres.  Soyez  genereuse:  donnez 
tou  jours. 

1.  Are  you  selling?  2.  Do  you  sell?  3.  Were  you  selling?  4.  You 
used  to  sell.  5.  You  sold.  6.  You  have  sold.  7.  You  had  sold. 
8.  You  will  sell.  9.  You  would  sell.  10.  Do  not  sell.  11.  Let  us 
sell.  12.  You  must  sell.  13.  You  must  have  sold.  14.  To  have 
sold.  15.  Having  sold.  16.  By  selling. 

VENDRE  ET  VIVRE. 

Tout  le  monde  -  — Everybody. 

Le  plus  — The  most. 

Plus  .  .  .  que  — More  than. 

Les  vacances  — Vacations. 

En  plein  air  — In  the  open  air. 

Une  ferme  A  ranch. 

La  douceur  — Kindness,  gentleness. 

II  va  — He  is  going,  he  goes. 

Avec  —With. 

Tout  le  monde  est  heureux  dans  la  famille  Leroi.  M.  Leroi 
adore  sa  femme,  et  Madame  adore  son  mari;  mais  le  plus  heureux, 
aujourd'hui,  c'est  Paul.  Paul  est  en  vacances.  II  a  vecu  cinq 
longs  mois  entre  les  quatre  murs  d'un  college.  II  va  avec  deux 
amis  vivre  deux  semaines  a  la  campagne.  Us  vivront  en  plein  air. 
Quand  Paul  etait  un  petit  enfant,  c'est  a  la  campagne  qu'il  vivait. 
Quand  il  sortira  du  college,  son  pere  lui  achetera  une  ferme  et  il 
vivra  de  nouveau  a  la  campagne.  II  aime  les  animaux;  il  les  traite 
avec  douceur  et  ne  les  bat  jamais. 

Most  nouns  ending  in  al,  like  animal,  general,  etc.,  change  the  al 
to  aux  in  the  plural:  Un  animal,  des  animaux. 


84 

CRAINDRE. 

Une  armee  — An  army. 

L'autre  — The  other. 

Facile  Easy. 

Le  soldat  — Soldier. 

Ni,  ni  Neither,  nor. 

En  deroute  — Defeat. 

Puissant  — Powerful. 

Si  — If,  or  so. 

Les  armees  sont  en  presence  Tune  de  1'autre,  elles  se  battent. 
Le  general  est  certain  qu'il  reussira  a  battre  1'ennemi.  II  n'est 
pas  facile  de  battre  un  adversaire  puissant  et  s'il  ne  bat  pas 
l'ennemi,  rennemi  le  battra.  Ces  soldats  sont  braves  et  courageux: 
ils  ne  craignent  ni  le  danger  ni  le  peril.  Pourquoi  craindraient-ils? 
Ne  craignez  rien.  Vous  battrez  rennemi  et  le  mettrez  en  deroute. 


CONDUIRE. 

1.  Who  drives  the  automobile?  2.  The  three  boys  drive  one  after 
the  other  and  they  drive  well.  3.  Do  they  drive  well?  4.  They 
will  drive.  5.  They  would  drive.  6.  Let  us  drive.  7.  By  driving. 
8.  He  must  drive.  9  He  must  have  driven. 


CONNA1TRE— To  know. 

De  nom  — By  name. 

De  vue  — By  sight. 

Ici  Here. 

Si  —If,  or  so. 

Le  jardinier         Gardener. 

Tout  le  monde Everybody. 

Cultiver  —To  cultivate. 

Le  monde  —The  world,  the  people. 

Du  monde  — Company. 

Je  connais  tres  peu  de  monde  dans  cette  ville.  Je  connaissais 
tout  le  monde  a  la  campagne,  et  tout  le  monde  me  connaissait. 
Connaissez-vous  ce  vieillard?  Je  le  connais  de  vue  et  aussi  de  nom, 
II  dit  qu'il  vous  connait 


85 

Quelorquelle What,  before  a  noun  or  before  est  or  sont. 

Que  What,  before  a  verb. 

Ce  que  What   in   the   center   of   a   sentence   or  in   the  be- 

ginning of  a  sentence  equivalent  to  that  which. 

Autrefois         Formerly. 

Trop  (de)         Too  mr.ch,  too  many. 

Mieux  Better   (adverb). 

Pour  eux         For  them. 

Eau  Water. 

De  1'eau  — —Some  water. 

Maintenant     Now. 

Meilleur  Better  (adj.). 

Que  buvez-vous  a  votre  dejeuner?  Je  bois  du  cafe,  mon  mari 
boit  du  the  et  mes  deux  enfants  boivent  du  lait.  Autrefois,  mon 
mari  buvait  du  cafe,  mais  il  prefere  le  the  a  present.  Ne  buvez 
pas  trop  de  cafe,  ni  de  the.  Que  faut-il  que  les  enfants  boivent? 
C'est  mieux  pour  eux  de  ne  boire  que  de  1'eau  ou  du  lait. 

Drill: 

1.  Do  you  drink?  2.  Are  you  drinking?  3.  You  drank.  4.  You 
used  to  drink.  5.  You  did  drink.  6.  You  have  drunk.  7.  You  had 
drunk.  8.  You  will  drink.  9.  You  would  drink.  10.  Do  not  drink. 
11.  I  must  drink. 

CROIRE. 

Write  in  English: 
Croirez-vous? 
Croiriez-vous? 
Avez-vous  cru? 
Aviez-vous  cru? 
Ne  croyez  pas. 
Croyons. 

II  faut  que  nous  croyions. 
Croyez-vous? 
Croyiez-vous? 
II  faut  que  vous  ayez  cru. 

METTRE. 

Write  in  French: 

1.  She  allows.  2.  She  does  allow.  3.  She  is  allowing.  4.  She 
was  allowing.  5.  She  used  to' allow.  6.  She  will  allow.  7.  She 
would  allow.  8.  Don't  allow.  9.  Did  you  allow?  10.  Have  you 
allowed?  11.  Had  you  allowed?  12.  Must  you  allow?  13.  You 
must  have  allowed. 


86 

VOIR. 

Ma  vue  My  sight. 

Pres  Near. 

Seulement  Only. 

Les  lunettes  Eye  glasses. 

Ce  soir  — This  evening,  or  tonight. 

Sur  — On,  or  upon. 

Le  ciel  The  heaven. 

Les  cieux  The  heaven  (plural). 

Myope  — Near-sighted. 

Ma  vue  est  rnauvaise.  Je  ne  vois  pas  bien.  Je  suis  myope  et 
vois  de  pres  seulement.  Je  voyais  tres  bien  autrefois  et  je  n'etais 
pas  oblige  de  porter  des  lunettes.  Verrez-vous  votre  ami  ce  soir? 
Je  le  verrai  s'il  est  a  Topera.  J'espere  le  voir. 

La  terre  est  bien  petite  a  qui  la  voit  des  cieux. 


COURIR. 

Le  voyageur The  traveler. 

A  temps  — On  time. 

Trop  tard  —Too  late. 

Trop  tot  —Too  early  (toe). 

Du  — Of  the  (before  a  masculine  noun  singular  be- 

ginning with  a  consonant  or  an  h  aspirate). 

Du  — Some. 

Du  pain  — Some  bread. 

Du  beurre          — Some  butter. 

Des  — Of  the,  (pi)  or  some. 

Au  —To  the  (before  a  masculine  noun  beginning 

with  a  consonant  or  an  h  aspirate). 

Aux  —To  the  before  a  plural  noun). 

J'ai  vu  hier  dans  la  rue  un  homme  portant  une  valise  et  qui 
courait  apres  le  train.  Cet  homme  est  un  voyageur.  II  court  tou- 
jours,  parce  qu'il  quitte  toujours  son  hotel  trop  tard.  Regardez  cet 
homme:  il  courait  hier,  il  court  aujourd'hui,  il  courra  demain  et 
il  courra  aussi  longtemps  qu'il  ne  partira  pas  a  temps.  Pourquoi 
courez-vous,  Monsieur?  Vous  n'arriverez  jamais  a  temps  pour  votre 
train.  Rien  ne  sert  de  courir,  il  faut  partir  a  temps. 

Write  this  in  English  and  read  it  in  French. 


87 

RECEVOIR— To  Receive. 

1.  You  receive.  2  You  do  receive.  3.  You  are  receiving.  4.  You 
were  receiving.  5.  You  used  to  receive.  6.  You  received.  7.  You 
did  receive.  8.  You  have  received.  9.  You  had  received.  10.  You 
will  receive.  11.  You  shall  receive.  12.  You  would  receive.  13. 
You  should  receive.  14.  Let  us  receive.  15.  You  will  have  re- 
ceived. 16.  You  would  have  received.  17.  That  you  receive. 
18.  That  you  have  received. 


DEVOIR. 

Write  in  English: 
Nous  devons. 
Nous  devions. 
Nous  avons  du. 
Nous  avions  du. 
Nous  devrons. 
Nous  devrions. 
II  faut  que  je  doive. 
En  devant. 
Nous  aurons  du. 
Nous  aurions  du. 

Je  dois  voir  mon  amie,  qui  doit  arriver  par  le  train  de  neuf 
heures.  Elle  m'a  ecrit  qu'elle  devra  reprendre  le  train  de  6  heures 
ce  soir.  Elle  doit  aller  chez  la  modiste,  la  couturiere  (dressmaker), 
le  tailleur;  elle  dcit  aussi  aller  a  la  banque  et  voir  une  amie  qui 
reside  a  I'hotel  Continental. 


SAVOIR. 

Un  peu  —A  little. 

Plus  More. 

Plus  .  .  .  que  —More  than. 

Savoir  coudre          —To  know  how  to  sew. 
Savoir   danser         —To  know  how  to  dance. 
Le  mot  —The  word. 

Qui  sait  sa  legon?  Je  la  sais;  je  la  savais  hier  soir.  Vous  sauriez 
les  verbes  frangais  si  vous  etudiiez  un  peu  plus.  Elle  sait  coudre 
mais  elle  ne  sait  pas  garnir  un  chapeau.  Sachez  votre  legon.  Le 
professeur  veut  que  nous  sachions  chaque  mot. 


88 

1.  She  knows.  2.  She  does  know.  3.  She  used  to  know.  4.  She 
has  known.  5.  She  had  known.  6.  Know.  7.  Don't  know.  8.  By 
knowing.  9.  I  must  know.  10.  We  must  know. 


POUVOIR. 

Write  the  following  exercise  in  English: 

Je  puis  or  peux. 
•       Je  pouvais. 
J'ai  pu. 
J'avais  pu. 
Je  pourrai. 
Je  pourrais. 
Que  je  puisse? 
II  faut  que  j'aie  pu. 
J'aurai  pu. 
J'aurais  pu. 
Pouvant. 

Write  in  French: 

1.  May  I?  Can  I?  2.  Could  I  have  been  able?  3.  Had  I  been 
able.  ^  4.  Will  I  be  able?  5.  Would  I  be  able?  6.  I  must  be  able. 
7.  Being  able. 


PRENDRE— To  Take. 

Deja  — Already. 

II  voudrait  He  wishes. 

II  voudrait  He  would  like. 

Je  voudrais  1  wish. 

Chez  — • — At,  or  at  the  house  of. 

Combien  de  -   — How  many,  or  how  much. 

Paul  est  chez  son  maitre  de  violon.  II  prend  sa  lec.on.  II  a 
deja.  pris  une  legon  hier;  il  prendra  une  autre  demain.  Combien  de 
lemons  de  violon  prenez-vous  par  semaine,  Paul?  Mme.,  autrefois 
je  prenais  deux  lemons;  a  present  je  ne  prends  qu'une.  Mon 
maitre  demande  que  je  prenne  une  legon  tous  les  jours.  Paul  jpue 
aussi  du  piano,  de  la  guitare;  il  joue  aussi  aux  cartes,  au  domino, 
etc.  ' 


89 

VOULOIR. 

Que  voulez-vous?  Voulez-vous  de  la  soupe?  Je  ne  veux  pas 
manger,  je  veux  sortir;  je  voulais  sortir  avec  mon  ami.  Ou  vouliez 
vous  aller?  Invitez  votre  ami  a  diner.  II  ne  voudra  pas  venir. 
II  n'a  pas  voulu  venir.  Pourquoi  n'a-t-il  pas  voulu  venir?  Dites- 
lui  de  venir. 

Write  in  French  the  following  exercise: 

1.  What  do  you  want?  2.  What  are  you  wanting?  3.  What  were 
you  wanting?  4.  You  used  to  want.  5.  What  have  you  wanted? 
6.  What  had  you  wanted?  7.  What  will  you  want?  8.  What  will 
you  have  wanted?  9.  What  would  you  want?  10.  I  must  want. 
11.  I  must  have  wanted.  12.  Wanting.  13.  Please,  be  kind 
enough  to. 


FAIRE. 

Tant  de  So  much,  so  many. 

Le  bruit  — The  noise. 

Le  jour  de  fete  Holiday    (birthday). 

Toute  la  journee The  whole  day. 

Ceci  — This. 

Cela  —That. 

Que  font  ces  enfants?  Pourquoi  font-ils  tant  de  bruit?  Parce 
qu'aujourd'hui  est  le  jour  de  fete  de  Monsieur  le  Superieur.  Les 
gargons  feront  du  bruit  toute  la  journee.  Mes  enfants  ne  faites 
pas  tant  de  bruit.  Maman  demande  que  vous  ne  fassiez  pas  tant 
de  bruit.  Qu'avez-vous  fait  hier?  Que  ferez-vous  demain?  S.  V.  P. 
ne  faites  pas  cela;  mais  faites  ceci  pour  moi. 


VENIR. 

Mme.  Leroi  revient  demain  et  son  amie  revient  avec  elle.  Cette 
amie  vient  a  Paris  deux  fois  par  an  pour  acheter  des  robes  et  des 
chapeaux.  Les  deux  dames  reviendront  par  le  train  rapide  et 
toute  le  famille  sera  a  la  gare.  Paul  revient  de  la  campagne  ce 
soir  et  Marie  revient  du  couvent.  Le  pere  a  demande  que  ses 
enfants  reviennent  chez  eux  pour  voir  leur  mere  qui  arrive  demain. 

1.  Who  comes  back?  2.  Two  ladies  come  to  Paris.  3.  They  were 
coming  last  night,  but  they  will  come  tomorrow.  4.  Do  not 
come.  5.  The  children  must  come  home,  because  their  mother  will 
come  back  tomorrow. 


90 

ALLER. 

Vite  — Quick,  or  fast.  Vous-meme Yourself. 

Seul  seule  — Alone.  Lui-rneme        — Himself. 

D'abord  —At  first.  Elle-meme       —Herself. 

Puis  — Then.  Nous-memes Ourselves. 

Au  couvent In  the  convent.  Eux-memes Themselves. 

Moi-meme  — Myself. 

Ou  va  Paul,  demande  M.  Leroi?  Courez  vite  et  allez  lui  de- 
mander  ou  il  va  avec  1'autornobile.  Monsieur  votre  Pere  demande 
oil  vous  allez.  Ou  allez-vous?  Vous  savez  qu'on  ne  veut  pas  que 
vous  alliez  seul  dans  les  rues  de  Paris.  Je  vais  d'abord  au  couvent 
prendre  ma  soeur,  et  puis  nous  irons  faire  une  promenade  au 
Bois.  Paul,  n'y  allez  pas. 

Write  in  English: 

II  va.  II  ira.  II  faut  qu'il  aille? 

II  allait.  II  irait.  N'allez  pas. 

N'allons  pas.  En  n'allant  pas.  II  faut  qu'il  soit  alle. 

Write  in  French: 

1.  He  used  to  go.  2.  He  goes.  3.  He  is  going.  4.  He  does  go. 
5.  He  was  going.  6.  He  will  go.  7.  He  would  go.  8.  Don't  go. 
9.  He  must  go. 


VERBS  WITH  TWO  OBJECTIVE  PRONOUNS. 

Me  le  or  me  la  It  to  me. 

Te  le,  te  la  —It  to  thee. 

Nous  le,  nous  la  It  to  us. 

Vous  le,  vous  la  It  to  you. 

But  le  lui,  la  lui  It  to  him  or  to  her. 

Le  leur  It  to  them. 

II  me  le  donne  — He  gives  it  to  me. 

II  te  le  donne  — He  gives  it  to  thee. 

II  nous  le  donne  —He  gives  it  to  us. 

II  vous  le  donne  — He  gives  it  to  you. 

II  le  lui  donne  — He  gives  it  to  him,  or  to  her. 


91 


LES   ALIMENTS— FOODS. 


De  la  soupe 

Du  bouillon 

De  la  viande 

Une  cotelette 

Une  cotelette  de  mouton- 

Une  cotelette  de  veau  - 

Une  cotelette  d'agneau  - 

Une  cotelette  de  pore 

Du  ragout 

Du  lard 

Du  jambon 

Des  oeufs 

Une  omelette 

Un  bifteck 

Du  roti 

Un  roti  de  boeuf 

Un  roti  de  mouton 

Un  roti  d'agneau 

Un  gigot 

Un  gigot  d'agneau 

Du  poulet 

Une  dinde 

Farci 

Des  pigeons 

Du  lapin 

Du  lievre 

Des  huitres 

Du  pain 

Un  pain 

Du  beurre 

Du  fromage 

De  la  gelee 

Du  pudding 

De  la  tarte 

Du  gateau 

Du  cafe 

Du  the 


-Some  soup. 
-Some  bouillon. 
-Some  meat 
-A  chop. 
-Mutton  chop. 
-Veal  chop. 
-Lamb  chop. 
-A  pork  chop. 
-Stew. 

-Some  bacon. 
-Some  ham. 
-Some  eggs. 
-An  omelet. 
-Beefsteak. 
-Some  roast. 
-Roast  beef. 
-Roast  mutton. 
-Roast  veal. 
-Leg  of  meat. 
-Leg  of  lamb. 
-Chicken. 
-A  turkey. 
-Stuffed. 
-Pigeons. 
-Rabbit 
-Hare. 
-Oysters. 
-Some  bread. 
-A  loaf  of  bread. 
-Some  butter. 
-Some  cheese. 
-Some  jelly. 
-Some  pudding. 
-Some  pie. 
-Some  cake. 
-Some  coffee. 
-Some  tea. 


Du  chocolat  — Some -chocolate. 

Du  lait  Some  milk. 

Du  vin  Some  wine. 

Une  limonade  Some  lemonade. 

De  1'eau  — Some  water. 

Eau  chaude  — Hot  water. 

Eau  froide  — Cold  water. 

Eau  tiede  — Lukewarm  water. 

Eau  frappee  — Iced  water. 

VEGETABLES. 

La  salade  —The  lettuce. 

Les  pois  —The  peas. 

Les  asperges  — Asparagus. 

Les  choux  — Cabbages. 

Les  choux-fleurs  — Cauliflower. 

Les  carottes  — Carrots. 

Les  epinards  — Spinach. 

Les  radis  — Radishes. 

Le  celeri  — Celery. 

Les  pommes  de  terre         — Potatoes. 

Les  betteraves  —The  beets. 

Les  oignons  — Onions. 

Les  concombres  — Cucumbers. 

Les  haricots  — The  beans. 

FRUITS. 

Le  raisin  —The  grape. 

La  fraise  — Strawberry. 

L'abrioot  — Apricot. 

La  peche  — Peach. 

La  banane  — Banana. 

La  pomme  —The  apple. 

La  poire  —The  pear. 

L'ananas  Pineapple. 

La  prune  —Prune. 

Le  citron  Citron,  lemon. 

La  mure  —Blackberry. 

La  framboise  -                  —Raspberry. 


93 


L'orange 

Orange. 

La  cerise 

Cherry. 

La  noix 

The  nut. 

Le  raisin  sec 

The  raisin. 

FISHES. 

Du  poisson 

Some  fish. 

Du  saumon 

Salmon. 

Du  hareng 

Q              It         * 

oome  nerring. 

Une  ecrevisse 

A  crawfish. 

De  la  morue 

—  Codfish. 

TTn    VintnarH 

A.    1*  K   + 

\J  11     lHJllld.1  LI 

•x\  i  o  D  s  t  e  r  . 
FLEUR—  FLOWER. 

La  rose 

—  The  Rose. 

Un  oeillet 

—  A  pink. 

Une  tulipe 

A  fill  in 

LUilJJ. 

Un  lis 

—A  lily. 

La  violette 

—Violet. 

La  pensee 

—  A  pansy. 

Le  geranium 

A  geranium. 

LA    SALLE 

A   MANGER—  THE    DINING    ROOM. 

Cuisine 

—  Kitchen  or  cooking. 

La  cuisiniere 

The  cook. 

T  P.   rh#»f 

rhnf 

jL/c  cnei 

La  nappe 

—  v^Ilci. 

Tablecloth. 

La  serviette 

Napkin. 

Le  couvert 

—  Covert. 

La  cuiller 

rpf 

i  ne  spoon. 

La  fourchette 

Fork 

Le  couteau 

Le  verre 

Glass. 

La  carafe 

—  Decanter. 

L'assiette 

—The  plate. 

Le  plat 

The  dish. 

La  vaisselle 

The  dishes. 

T.I.      CAl 

TU«    ™U 

94 

Le  poivre  Pepper. 

Le  vinaigre  —Vinegar. 

L'huile  The  oil. 

Le  sucre  Sugar. 

Le  sucrier  Sugar-bowl. 

La  cafetiere  — Coffee  pot. 

La  theiere  —Teapot. 

La  tasse  Cup. 

La  soucoupe  — Saucer. 

Le  plateau  — The  tray. 

MEUBLES— FURNITURK 

La  chaise  —The  chair. 

Le  fauteuil  — The  armchair. 

La  chaise  berceuse  — Rocking-chair. 

L'armoire  —The  closet. 

La  commode  —The  bureau. 

La  table  de  toilette  — Dressing  table. 

Le  lit  —The  bed. 

La  glace  ou  le  miroir Looking-glass. 

Le  rideau  —The  curtain. 

Le  tapis  — Carpet,  rug. 

La  pendule  —The  clock. 

La  cheminee  —The  mantel. 

La  lampe  —The  lamp. 

Le  piano  — The  piano. 

La  statue  The  statue. 

La  plante  The  plant. 

LA  MAISON 

La  maison  —The  house. 

Le  salon  — Parlor. 

Le  salle  a  manger  —Dining-room, 

La  chambre  — Bedroom. 

La  cuisine  Kitchen. 

Le  plancher  —The  floor. 

Le  mur  —Wall. 

Les  escaliers  Stairs, 


95 


Le  toit 

Le  vestibule 

Un  etage 

La  cave 

Le  garde-manger 

Le  grenier 


-The  roof. 
-The  vestibule. 
-A  floor,  story. 
-The  cellar. 
-The  pantry. 
-The  attic. 


LES  VETEMENTS— THE  CLOTHES. 


un  luanicau 
Un  pantalon 
Les  bretelles 
Les  chaussettes 
Les  souliers 
La  chemise 
Les  gants 
Les  bottes 
Une  montre 
Un  col 
Une  cravate 
La  manchette 
Un  gilet 
Une  veste 
Le  mouchoir 
Une  robe 
Un  costume-tailleur 
Une  blouse 
Un  corset 
Un  cache-corset 
Une  jupe 
Un  jupon 
Une  paire  de  br.s 
Une  paire  de  souliers 

.r\.    cudi. 

—  Trousers. 
—  The  braces,  suspenders. 
Socks. 
—  Shoes. 

AcVitrf 

—  The  gloves. 
The  boots. 
A  watch. 

fY>11ir 

—The  cuff. 
A  waistcoat. 

Handkerchief. 
A  dress. 

^\,  \vdist 

A  corset. 
—  —  Corset  cover. 
A  dress  skirt. 

_.  ^^  Ddir    of    stockinsrs 

A  pair  of  shoes. 

Une  pciire  de  bottines    -   — A  pair   of   high   button    shoes. 
Des  puntouflcs  — Slippers. 

Un  chapeau  — A  hat. 

LE   CORPS   HUMAIN, 

Le  corps  —The  body. 

L'ame  —The  soul, 


L'esprit 
Le  coeur 
Le  sang 
La  tete 
La  figure 
La  joue 
Le  nez 
La  bouche 
La  dent 
La  langue 
Les  oreilles 
Un  oeil  deux 
Le  cou 
La  gorge 
La  poitrine 
L'epaule 
Le  bras 
La  main 
Le  doigt 
La  jambe 
Le  pied 
L'estomac 
Le  dos 

96 
The  mind. 

—  The  blood. 
The  head. 
—The  face. 

Oirplr 

V^IlCcK.. 

The  nose. 
The  mouth. 
—Tooth. 

J.  onguc. 
—  The  ears, 
yeux  One   eye,   two   eyes. 

J-  lie  neck. 
The  throat. 
The  chest. 
-L  lie  shoulder. 

—  The  arm. 
—  The  hand. 
The  finger. 
The  leg 

The  foot. 
The  stomach. 
The  back. 

Une  ecole 
Le  maitre 
La  maitresse 
Le  livre 
Le    cahier 
Le  crayon 
Le  papier 
La  plume 
L'encre 
Le  pupitre 
Un  ecolier 
Une 


ECOLE. 

-A  school. 

-Teacher   (m.). 

-Teacher    (f.). 

-The  book 

-Copybook. 

-Pencil. 

-Paper. 

-Pen. 

-Ink 

-Desk 

-Scholar  (m.). 


97 


Beau,  bel,  belle 
Laid 
Intelligent 
Adroit 
Propre 
Sale 
Long 
Grand 
Petit 
Court(e) 
Mince 
Poll 
Impoli 
Dur 
Mou 
Gras 
Large 
Rond 
Chaud 
Froid 
Doux,  douce 
Lourd 
Leger 
Gai 
Triste 
Heureux,  heureuse 
Malheureux 
Fier  ' 
Agreable 
Fidele 

Noir 
Blanc,  blanche 
Rose 
Rouge 
Vert 

T^rnn     V»rnn#> 

ADJECTIVES, 

Beautiful. 

Bright 

•  —  Clever. 
Clean. 

Di  rtv 

—Small. 
—Short. 
—Thin. 
—Polite. 
—  Impolite. 
—Hard. 
—Soft. 
—Fat. 
Wide. 

•  •  •  \Varm 

Cold 

•  Sweet 

••TTfiw 

T  iVTit 

j^ignt. 
T  ivplv 

Sad. 
—Happy. 
TjnhaDOv 

Proud 

•A.2freeat)le 

—Faithful. 
COULEURS. 

"Rlnrlr 

—White. 
—Pink. 
—Red. 
—  Green. 

—  Thrown 

98 


Bleu 
Jaune 
Fonce 
Clair 


Tard 

T6t 

Tou  jours 

Bientot 

A  present 

Tout  de  suite 

Enfin 

D'abord 

Ensemble 

Ou 

Ici 

La 

Quelque  part 

Dehors 

Dedans 

En  haut 

A  Tavenir 

Quelquefois 

Vite 

Lentement 

Assez 

Plus 

Moins 

Beaucoup 

Mai 

Plut6t 

A   peine 

Pas  encore 

Rien 

Chez 

Pres 

Loin 

Avant 


-Blue. 
-Yellow. 
-Dark. 
—Light. 

ADVERBS. 

-Late. 

—Early. 

—Always. 

—Soon. 

—At  present. 

—At  once. 

-At  last. 

-At  first. 

—Together. 

—Where. 

-Here. 

—There. 

—Somewhere. 

—Outside. 

-Within. 

—Upstairs. 

-In  the  future. 

-Sometimes. 

-Quick. 

—Slowly. 

-Enough. 

-More. 

-Less. 

-Much  or  many. 

-Badly. 

-Rather. 

-Scarcely. 

-Not  yet. 

-Nothing. 

-At  the  house  of. 

-Near. 

-Far. 

-Before. 


99 


Aprfcs 

After. 

Sous 

—  Under. 

Sur 

—  On  or  upon. 

Centre 

Against. 

Vis  a  vis 

—  Opposite. 

A        1*      i    Ae* 

Instead  of 

AM    lieu   Qc 

Avec 

—With. 

Entre 

—  Between. 

Sans 

—Without. 

Pour 

For. 

Pendant 

During. 

Aussi 

Also  or  toOo 

Mais 

But. 

Si 

If. 

Si  non 

—  If  not. 

r*   *i 

A* 

v^  online 
Car 

For. 

Parce  que 

Because. 

Pourquoi 

Whv 

vv  ii  y  . 

Ainsi 

Thus  or  so. 

Par  consequent 

—  Consequently. 

Et 

And. 

On 

Or 

WU 

Ononfl    m£m«» 

—  TV  v  p  n  if    a  n  v  wi3  v> 

100 


LA  PETITE  MENDIANTE. 

Cest  la  petite  mendiante 
Qui  vous  demande  un  peu  de  pain; 
Donnez  a  la  pauvre  innocente, 
Donnez,  donnez,  car  elle  a  faim. 
Ne  rejetez  pas  ma  priere, 
Votre  coeur  vous  dira  pourquoi; 
J'ai  six  ans,  je  n'ai  plus  de  mere, 
J'ai  faim,  ayez  pitie  de  moi! 

Hier,  c'etait  fete  au  village, 
A  moi  personne  n'a  songe; 
Chacun  dansait  sous  le  feuillage, 
Helas!  et  je  n'ai  pas  mange. 
Pardonnez-moi  si  je  demande; 
Je  ne  demande  que  du  pain; 
Du  pain,  32'  ne  suis  pas  gourmande9 
Ah!  ne  me  grondez  pas,  j'ai  faim. 


101 


L'AUMONE. 

Donnez,  riches!  1'aumone  est  soeur  de  la  priere. 
Helas;  quand  un  vieillard,  sur  votre  seuil  de  pierre, 
Tout  raidi  par  1'hiver,  en  vain  tombe  a  genoux; 
Quand  les  petits  enfants,  les  mains  de  froid  rougies, 
Ramassent  sous  vos  pieds  les  miettes  des  orgies, 
La  face  du  Seigneur  se  detourne  de  vous. 

Donnez!  pour  etre  aime  de  Dieu  qui  se  fit  homme, 
Pour  que  le  mechant  meme  en  s'inclinant  vous  nomme, 
Pour  que  votre  foyer  soit  calme  et  fraternel; 
Donnez!  afin  qu'un  jour,  a  votre  heure  derniere. 
Centre  tous  vos  peches  vous  ayez  la  priere 
D'un  mendiant  puissant  au  cieL 


LE  PETIT  SAVOYARD. 

J'ai  faim;  vous  qui  passez  daignez  me  secourir. 
Voyez:  la  neige  tombe,  et  la  terre  est  glacee; 
J'ai  froid:  le  vent  se  leve  et  1'heure  est  avancee, 
Et  je  n'ai  rien  pour  me  couvrir. 

Tandis  qu'en  vos  palais  tout  flatte  votre  envie, 
A  genoux  sur  le  seuil,  j'y  pleure  bien  souvent; 
Donnez:  peu  me  suffit,  je  ne  suis  qu'un  enfant; 
Un  petit  sou  me  rend  la  vie. 

On  m'a  dit  qu'a  Paris  je  trouverais  du  pain; 
Plusieurs  ont  raconte,  dans  nos  forets  lointaines, 
Qu'ici  le  riche  aidait  le  pauvre  dans  ses  peines; 
Eh  bien!  moi,  je  suis  pauvre,  et  je  vous  tends  la  main. 


103 


A 

Page 

Page                     E 

Page 

Abattre    

25   Concevoir    .  .  . 

....   18 

Abolir    

....   18   Concourir 

34   ficrire    , 

....  22 

Aboutir  

.  .  .  .   18   Conclure  

31    filargir    

....   18 

Abreger    

.  .  .  .  45    Conduire  

....  27    Embellir  , 

....   18 

Accourir  

....   34    Connaitre 

.  .  .  .   29    Employer  .... 

....  45 

Acheter  

.  .  .  .  45    Construire    .  .  . 

.  .  .  .  27    Encourir  

....  34 

Accroitre 

^.  .  .   32   Consentir   .  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .    17    Ennuyer   

....  45 

Accueillir 

....   31    Contredire    .  .  . 

.  .  .  .   23    Entendre    .... 

....  24 

Acquerir  

.  .  .  .   33    Conquerir 

.  .  .  .   33    Entreprendre 

....  37 

Admettre 

.  .  .  .   30    Convaincre     .  . 

.  .  .  .  28    Entrevoir   .... 

.  ...  33 

Affaiblir    

....   18   Convenir  

.  .  .  .   40   £tendre  

....  24 

Agir  

.  .  .  .   18   Correspondre 

24   £teindre    

.  ...  30 

Aller    

39   Coudre    

....  21    £tre    

....  26 

Aller  (s'en)    .  . 

....   60    Courir    

.  .  .  .   34    Envoyer    

.  ...   14 

Annoncer 

....  45    Couvrir   

.  .  .  .   11    £quivaloir    .  .  . 

....  35 

Apparaitre    .  .  . 

29    Craindre   

.  .  .  .  30   Exclure  

.  ...  31 

Appartenir 

....   40   Creer   

....  45 

Appeler  

.  .  .  .  45    Croire    

....29                      F 

Apercevoir  ,  ,  . 
Apprendre    ,  ,  , 
Assailir   . 

35    Croitre    ...... 
37    Cueillir    
....  31   Cuire   

32 
.  .  .  .  31    Faire    
28   Falloir  

38 
....  40 

Asseoir  (s)    .  . 

....  59 

Fendre    

24 

Attendre  

....  24 

Fleurir  

18 

Avancer    

....45                     D 

Finir    

17 

Avertir    

....   18 

Fournir   

18 

Avoir  

12   Debattre  

...t  25   Fuir  

.  ...  21 

Decevoir  

....  35 

Decoudre 

....  21                     G 

B 

Decrire    
Decroitre    .  .  .  . 

22   ^ 
32    Garantir    ..... 

18 

1  O 

Balayer   
Batir    
Battre    

45    Defaire    
18    Defendre    
25    Dementir 

oo   Garnir   
....    oo    ^ 
24   Grossir    

jy   Guerir    

,    .      10 

18 
....  18 

Blanchir    

.  .  .  .   18    Dependre   .  .  .  . 

....  24                    „ 

Boire   

29    Deplaire   

....25                     n 

Bouillir  

31    Dedire   

••••  23   Hair  . 

....  18 

Descendre    .  .  . 

....  24 

C 

Desobeir  

....18                      I 

Detruire    

....  28 

Cherir    

18    Devetir   

....  32   Induire    

.  28 

Choisir    

....    IB   Devenir  

....   39    Inscrire  

.  ...  22 

Combattre    .  .  . 

25   Devoir  

35    Interdire  

....   23 

Commencer  .  . 

....  45    Dire   

....  22   Interrompre    . 

....  24 

Commettre     .  . 

....  30   Discourir 

.  .  .  .   34    Intervenir  .... 

...40 

Complaire    .  .  . 

.  .  .  .  25    Disparaitre    .  . 

29    Introduire    

....  28 

Comprendre    . 

....   37    Dormir   

16   Instruire  

.  ...  28 

104 


J  Page 

Jaillir 17 

Jeter    45 

Joindre    30 

Jouir    18 


Languir 17 

Lire    15 

M 

Manger  45 

Medire    23 

Mentir 17 

Mettre 30 

Mourir    32 

Murir 18 

N 

Neiger 42 

Nourrir 18 

Nuire 28 


Obeir 18 

Obtenir 40 

Offrir 11 

Ouvrir 11 

Omettre    30 

Operer    45 


Paraitre    29 

Parcourir    34 

Parfaire    38 

Partir    15 

Parvenir   40 

Peindre   30 

Perdre 24 

Permettre     30 

Perir    18 


Page 

Pendre    24 

Plaindre    30 

Pleuvoir   41 

Pouvoir    36 

Pourvoir 33 

Poursuivre 24 

Predire    23 

Preferer    45 

Prendre    37 

Prescrire    22 

Pressentir    17 

Prevaloir    35 

Prevenir   39 

Prevoir   33 

Produire 28 

Promettre    30 

Promener 45 

Punir  18 


Raccourcir 18 

Rebattre   25 

Recevoir 34 

Reduire 28 

Reconnaitre     29 

Remplir 18 

Rendre    23 

Renvoyer    14 

Reparaitre    29 

Repandre    24 

Repondre    24 

Reposer    59 

Reprendre    37 

Retenir    40 

Revenir 39 

Revendre    24 

Revetir    33 

Reussir    18 

Revoir 33 

Rire  > 23 

Rougir 18 


S  Page 

Salir 18 

Saisir 18 

Satisfaire    38 

Savoir   36 

S'asseoir 59 

Secourir    34 

Sentir    17 

Sortir 15 

Souffrir 11 

Sourire    23 

Souscrire    22 

Suffire    32 

Suivre    24 

Surprendre 37 

Survivre    .  .  24 


Traduire  28 

Transcrire   22 

Teindre 30 

Tenir   40 

Tressaillir    31 

Tonner    42 

Tordre    ,  .  24 


U 


Unir 


17 


Vaince 28 

Valoir    35 

Venir 39 

Vendre    23 

Vetir    32 

Vieillir    18 

Vivre   24 

Voir 33 

Vouloir  37 


Yavoir 41 


UNIVERSITY  OP  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


SEP 


REX,  L»  i_D 

DECS    1962 


40ct'62MV 
RHC' 

SEP  2  0  1362 

~ 

j**< 


LOAN  DEPT. 

10m-4,'23 


rf? 


YB   12447 


415772 


t/y 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


